Market Segments Essay

Three good ways to define market segments: (1) Who the customers are; (2) Where they are; (3) How they behave. How does each of these definitions apply to you? Name three market segments of which you could belong. Why? What products or services are you being targeted for? Some of the best ways to define a market segment are: Identifiable: The process should identify one or more relatively homogeneous groups of prospective buyers with regard to their wants and needs and/or their likely responses to differences in the elements of the marketing mix—the 4 Ps (product, price, promotion, and place). (Mullins, 2010) Accessible: The segmentation criteria should measure or describe the segments clearly enough so that members can be readily identified and accessed, in order for the marketer to know whether a given prospective customer is or is not in the tar- get market and in order to reach the prospective customer with advertising or other marketing communication messages. (Mullins, 2010) Sizeable: the segmentation process should determine the size and market potential of each segment for use in prioritizing which segments to pursue. (Mullins, 2010) A part of analyzing market segments is to understand who and where are the customers and why do they differ. Market segments should be formed in that way that difference between buyers within each segment is as small as possible. Segmentation helps marketers’ distinguish one customer group from another within a given market which is geographic area, demographic characteristics, social class, and stage in family life cycle, personality, self-image or benefits. Since every buyer has their own individual needs, preferences, resources etc, it may become a challenge if marketers are looking to cater every customer’s needs. Since I am an athlete, I can be targeted for running shoes of a particular style that provides me with the support and stability that I need when I run. Based on my needs, I am most segmented to be a prospective buyer that is moved by price and promotion, making sure I am getting the best deal for the product that I am interested in. In the end, the product that provides the best bundle of benefits—given the customer’s particular needs— is most likely to  be purchased (Mullins, 2010). Reference Mullins, J. W., Walker, Jr., O. C., & Boyd, H. W. (2010). Marketing management: A strategic decision making approach (7th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Alfred Lubrano How College Corrupts

Alfred Lubrano How College Corrupts BY robn215 College is the next stepping stone to better or advance ones social standing in life, whether it is moving from a blue collar lifestyle to white collar, or to continue to further their career path. However, it comes with an â€Å"unavoidable result. † Alfred Lubrano discusses this â€Å"unavoidable result† in his text â€Å"The Shock of Education: How College Corrupts. † Lubrano discusses the topic of how furthering ones education opens more possibilities but at the same time distances those held most dearly.He explains that the more knowledge gained, the bigger the gap caused between friends and family due to differences in levels of knowledge. That distance is greatly increase if one comes from a poorer region where blue collar workers are the social norm. For instance, conversations within lower class households come off more militaristic due to the fact that all opinions are â€Å"dictated by group consensus,â⠂¬  where what the class says is so. Juxtaposed to the middle class household where they are talked to as adults..Lubrano does not try to dissuade one from attending college, he simply shines a light onto a hidden matter that is not discussed when continuing ones education. Lubrano hits the nail on the head about the distance gained when continuing ones education with friends and family, but does not consider the fact about that distance being magnified as a first generation American. One of Alfred Lubrano's main points was how college distanced childhood friends as well as loved ones.He describes how he learned to â€Å"self-censor† himself nd only discussed â€Å"general stuff,† because it was undiscerning to his father, a blue collar working man. Not to mention that listening to a freshman discuss the topics of race, equality, or politics, was as unsettling as â€Å"riding in a car with a new driver. † In fact, Lubrano's professor himself told his class not to discuss what they have learned in class, Marxist theory, because it would â€Å"mess up the holiday. † Under those circumstances, one can only imagine the distance lost trying to elaborate the topics discussed.Lubrano does an excellent Job of demonstrating the distance gained from the sheer fact of furthering ones education but does not consider the aloofness of first generation students trying to advance their educational life. I am a first generation college student and my parents were nothing but proud of me when I talked to them about continuing my education, as a matter of fact, they even bragged about it to other family members as well as bought me new items for school, clothes, shoes, and a laptop.But, neither they nor I was prepared for the detachment that as brought upon by trying to further ones education. During my first year of college I was exposed to the lifestyle of being completely â€Å"free. † I had attended Penn State University, which is about fo ur and a half hours away from Philadelphia, and during that time I had become wild and rambunctious. This was mainly due to the fact that within Asian households, the children are raised and taught in a completely different manner than an American household even though I was born and raised in Philadelphia.However, I was raised both by Vietnamese standards of discipline and espect without questioning authority, whilst also being raised on American standards of critical thinking and questioning everything. As you can tell those two standards of living are not exactly compatible. So, when college presented itself with the opportunity ot finding oneselt, I indulged As a consequence ot turtnering my education, I had lost some of my Asian roots and as you can tell; when I returned home I was not the same person. I was a smarmy freshman with a year of college under my belt with the mindset of being a completely independent adult.Causing omplications within my family and distancing ourselv es from one another. It was even more difficult because I could not discuss exactly what was affecting my relationship with my parents due to a language barrier. Granted, I did know how to speak to them in Vietnamese, but not without struggle. This due to the fact that as a child, I was more interested in watching Saturday morning cartoons than talking to my family. Alfred Lubrano does a good Job of describing exactly how furthering ones education causes a divide between friends and family.For example, he had to â€Å"self- ensor† his thoughts and separates which topics he talked about in order to not upset his family. However, he does not discuss the topic of how being a first generation college student can cause an even bigger divide between family due to different cultural beliefs and the language barrier. Again, Alfred Lubrano does not try to dissuade one from continuing ones education whatsoever, in fact he encourages it. Lubrano Just tries to expose a hidden agenda that most people do not discuss about, and that is how college causes a divide between family and friends.

Inability Accurately Define Environmental Problems Environmental Sciences Essay

The term wicked environmental job is a word used in depicting the unsure, complex, conflicting and of all time altering nature modern of environmental jobs. With these characteristic characteristics of environmental jobs comes challenges such as ; inability to accurately specify environmental jobs, uncertainness of the cause-effect relationship of modern environmental jobs and replying the inquiry of whether or non to include public stakeholders in the determination devising procedure. The successful tackling of these challenges will be achieved by doing usage of an environmental problem-framing theoretical account to specify the job, recommending uninterrupted larning to bridge the uncertainness spread attributed to miss of cognition and eventually the inclusion of public engagement in policy determination doing to increase public consciousness of environmental jobs and easy execution of created policy. Collaboration problem-solving theoretical account incorporates a seven staged pr ocedure that can be applied to pull offing environmental jobs one time adhered to purely. The terminal consequence of this theoretical account is the creative activity of a horizontal theoretical account policy which is easy to implement in the direction of environmental jobs. Keywords: environmental jobs, uncertainness and coaction. Critically analyze the challenges presented by ‘wicked ‘ and ‘messy ‘ environmental jobs and discourse the deductions for the development of effectual direction policy and pattern. Use illustrations to exemplify both challenges and direction responses you believe to be most appropriate. Lancaster Environmental Centre EDEOGHON OTIBHO STEPHANIE ( January, 2013 )IntroductionThe term †wicked † environmental job is a word used in depicting the unsure, complex, conflicting and of all time altering nature of modern environmental jobs ( Rittel and Webber, 1973 ) .These characteristics are what make environmental jobs hard to understand, define and once and for all work out. The evil of environmental jobs are experienced in surveies of Climate Change, Biodiversity, Population, Natural Resource Management but to advert a few. Environmental jobs are classified as either bad or good result of chance, definitionless, varied and alone ( Rittel and Webber, 1973 ) . Uncertainty in environmental job resolution is defined as the unpredictable, intractable dynamic and equivocal nature of the job that makes it hard for adult male to specify and understand ( Sigel et al. , 2010 ) .Complexity stems from the multifaceted interrelating web of systems that makes it hard for a pick of preferred solution to be made. This may ensue in dissension between environmental stakeholders that is attributed to differences in sentiments, values and involvement ( Saarikoski, 2005 ) . Besides, environmental jobs are prone to alter which makes it hard to foretell the extent of its harm.ChallengeThe challenges faced in seeking to work out â€Å" wicked † environmental jobs are attributed to the functions played by complexness, uncertainness, struggle and alteration†¦ .Inability to accurately specify environmental jobsThe absence of a specific cause-effect relationship, sufficient informations and the many-sided nature of the jobs creates trouble in understand ing the job ; which constantly affects the ability to accurately specify the job. The many-sided nature of environmental jobs gives rise to the changing definitions being held by different stakeholders. Definitions could change from what causes the job, what solution would work and who should be included in policy development phase. The consequence of utilizing sick defined jobs to bring forth an every bit sick defined solution in work outing the environmental job is normally irreversible and poses hazard to the environment ( Bardwell, 1991 ) . The complexness of environmental jobs is seen in the interconnection of the universe ‘s different environmental jobs†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..e.g. in seeking to work out one job, environmental directors discover that the job is a nexus to another unresolved and ununderstood job.UncertaintyUncertainty in environmental jobs may be viewed as deficiency of assurance of facts of the job, chance of an result occurring and deficiency o f cognition about the result of a determination. Uncertainty can be attributed to the absence of sufficient and accurate day of the month needed to understand an environmental job. Uncertainty in environmental jobs is a subjective term as its definition is based on people ‘s perceptual experience of what it should intend. Uncertainty attributed to knowledge spread is an obstruction to work outing environmental jobs ; the stableness of the environment is dependent on human actions which are driven by the consciousness of the presence of that cause-effect relationship by worlds. The absence of cognition of how to reconstruct an unstable system back to its province of stableness will forestall actions from being taken and this will constantly take to the growing in instability of this system ( Biel and Garling, 1995 ) . This scenario can be likened to what uncertainness in environmental jobs can take to. With uncertainness comes deficiency of trust and a physique up of struggle b etween postulating parties with contrasting positions. Modern scientific discipline has reflected this uncertainness in the contrasting positions held by its practicians in their quest to specify environmental jobs and its causes ; this has led to the populace ‘s loss of religion in scientific announcements ( Ludwig, 2001 ) .Uncertainty is besides attributed to the invariably altering nature of environmental jobs. Example: Bitterroot, Blackfoot, Glacier and Upper Clark Natural Resource Planning ( Lachapelle, 2003 ) Example used for inability to accurately specify the job and uncertainness ) The Synoptic Model Approach was used in the natural planning procedure for the preservation of the four mentioned natural resource sites. The stakeholders were people involved in the planning procedure. The failure of the Synoptic attack was attributed to the inability of participants to specify the job hence set ends, the deficiency of trust between participants, the usage of structured formats and regulations to seek and work out the job which can be attributed to uncertainness and eventually the presence of administrative officials naming the shootings. The Synoptic attack did non work because it was built on the premiss that environmental jobs are structured ; hence, must be solved utilizing procedural procedure and rigidness. The attack is non a collaborative method of job work outing but a politicized theoretical account where administrative officials are the determination shapers.Should the public be included in determination devising?The pick of whether or non to include the populace in environmental determination devising has been undergoing a batch of argument in recent times ; if included, what degree of authorization should they be given in the determination devising procedure are cardinal inquiries that require replies in the quest to work out environmental jobs. The inquiry of what environmental job work outing technique is needed is asked, is it the â€Å" bid and control † attack which is in kernel merely administrative officials doing the determination or the â€Å" Partnership-collaboration † attack which is a corporate attempt by all stakeholders doing a joint determination ( Saarikoski, 2006 ) . Example: Chesapeake Bay. ( CSPO, 2003 ) A scientific attack was used in reding the authorities on policies to be created and redress schemes to be taken in returning the contaminated Chesapeake Bay country to it pristine province. The scientist defined pesticides, thermic and toxic wastewaters as the causes of pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. The authorities working on this recommendation created two policy understandings on the decrease in the usage of substances incorporating Nitrogen and Phosphorus. The creative activity of these policies did non significantly cut down the Chesapeake Bay pollution figures. The authorities as a last consequence decided to include all relevant stakeholders in the redefining of the job and solution development before a 3rd understanding it is in the procedure of doing is created. The scientific discipline based attack failed because the scientist were structured in their definition of the job non sing other beginnings of pollution and they did non include so public in the pursuit to acquir e a definition for the job or a solution.ResponseEnvironmental Problem-framingThe problem-solving frame work is an advisable tool that should be used in job definition and solution development. It is based on the application of cognitive psychological science in understanding the job convergent thinker, the job and redefining the job. ( Bardwell, 1991 ) The mental model of an single determines the apprehension and the category of solution that will be created to turn to a peculiar environmental job. The procedure of solution development starts with a scenario development phase for the simulation of the environment in order to understand the effects of different actions within the different compartments of the environment ( action-effect relationship ) . A criterion for mensurating ends choice and a investigation for likely solution is launched. A lucifer of ends with legion solutions provided is used to take the best solution for accomplishing the set end ( Bardwell, 1991 ) . The building of a structural theoretical account of the job makes it easy to understand and see the interrelatednesss within the many compartments of the job. This informs the manner and rush new information will be processed and readily applicable solution to the job will be developed ( Bardwell, 1991 ) .Continuous larningIn turn toing uncertainness attributed to knowledge spread a cognition spread reducibility technique of reading, institutional acquisition, confer withing experts and societal acquisition on the capable affair under consideration demands to be carried out. Social larning involves holding an apprehension of what the job is, its history, and its consequence on other stakeholders and what resources are available to work out the job. Social acquisition is enhanced by a willingness to believe outside the box, device ways of geting diverse cognition through information sharing with different stakeholders. With acquiring rid of uncertainness comes understanding of what the job is, its different constructions, procedure and functionality within the environment. This new apprehension and cognition drives the solution development procedure. One of the cardinal aspects of uncertainness is that is gives room for the creative activity of diverse definitions of the job by different stakeholders. Solving unsure and complex environmental jobs will necessitate the incorporation of flexibleness in the solution development theoretical account, communicating, mutuality acknowledgment, trust edifice and cognition sharing between stakeholders. Hazard Based Appraisals standards can be used in work outing uncertainness in policy discuss ( Saarikoski, 2006 ) . Example: Case of chlorinated H2O ( Driegder and Eyles, 2002 ) An Adaptive Environmental Management hazard based analysis was carried out on the hazard of malignant neoplastic disease and generative defects associated with imbibing chlorinated H2O as against the hazard of microbic infection associated with imbibing non chlorinated H2O. The treatment session took topographic point with interested stakeholders from authorities, public, faculty members and the wellness sector in attending. Through a procedure of arguments and scientific facts presentation, it was concluded that the hazard of undertaking malignant neoplastic disease and generative defects from chlorinated H2O was negligible to the hazard associated with imbibing microbial septic H2O. The recommendation made was that H2O chlorination should be continued until alternate agencies for H2O purification is developed. This method of environmental job work outing and policy determination devising recognises the built-in hazard in determination doing under conditions of uncertainness and derives agencies and methods to accommodating and larning from unsure state of affairss.Public Stakeholder IncorporationThe importance of public engagement in environmental determination devising can non be overemphasized. The incorporation of diverse positions on a peculiar environmental job creates room for the development of a broader and more across-the-board solution to the job. Public engagement in environmental jobs determination doing brings legality into the determination devising procedure, increases trust in authorities, general consciousness of environmental jobs and a decrease in the cost of policy execution ( Schusler et al. , 2003 ) The epoch of public engagement in environmental direction policy creative activity is an epoch of determination doing switching from a power based attack to a consensus an d deliberative attack. Example: The Bob and Fitzgerald Dispute ( Moore and Lee, 1999 ) The Environmental Dispute Resolution ( EDR ) Model was used in work outing wilderness direction differences between user groups and the forest direction bureau over the debasement of common resources and overcrowding of land country in the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex and the Fitzgerald River National Park. The environmental difference declaration procedure had in attending all relevant stakeholders ( user groups and USDA forest service ) and it incorporated an eight staged procedure for difference declaration which included ; corporate categorization of the job, indecisiveness on what the following measure should be, concurrency on scheme, acknowledgment of confederation, ardour about joint chances, pledge to working together, meeting of groups and eventually the execution of devised programs. The result of the EDR procedure was an addition in communicating and trust between participant, acknowledgment of confederation helped in making better apprehension of the job and the participants, relationship edifice, better solution development and sweetening of policy execution.Collaboration as a Tool for Solving Environmental ProblemsOver the old ages a figure of environmental problem-solving theoretical accounts have been put frontward by different advocate of environmental direction but with small or no positive result e.g. the synoptic attack. The collaborative problem-solving theoretical account ( CPS ) was developed in 2004, by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as a tool for work outing wellness and environmental related jobs ( EPA, 2006 ) . Since its origin this theoretical account has gained evidences in the direction of environmental related jobs. The coaction theoretical account works on a seven staged rule viz. ; environmental job definition, community ability model, understanding framework/ strife declaration, partnership development, constructive battle, execution and assessment of procedure ( EPA, 2006 ) . The coaction procedure helps to turn to the challenges posed by environmental jobs such as ; inaccurate job definition, selective stakeholder incorporation and uncertainness. Collaboration as an advanced and holistic environmental job work outing tool brings people from different domains of life with different resources, values and educational background but who are all united with the exclusive end of continuing the environment for the sustainability of life together to work out†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦DecisionEnvironmental jobs as unpredictable and multifaceted phenomenon ‘s can non be solved with stiff regulations and standardised theoretical accounts ; hence, the demand for advanced thought and inventiveness. The development and execution of environmental direction policies and patterns is mostly dependent on the contrivers and the Godheads of the policies. The collaborative theoretical account explores the usage of integrating all relevant stakeholders in the determination devising procedure which invariable leads to the application of the horizontal policy creative activity theoretical account to make a policy that agreeable to all parties involved in the coaction procedure and to the general populace at big. The advantage of this is that determinations were jointly made and this gives legality to the policy, therefore doing it adhering on all concerned parties to follow. The horizontal theoretical account typed policy exhibits equity and the pattern of administration. However, the adoptability of the policy to mundane life will be enhanced by information sharing of its being and instruction of its contents and relevancy to environmental sustainability.

Immigration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Immigration - Coursework Example As per statistics this can be said that in the year 2009, almost 200 million people changed their resident country throughout the world. This number is almost 3 % of overall population in the world. Economic migrant refers to those persons who are moving from one region to another region for the purpose of seeking employment opportunities or for improving their financial condition. So this can be said that economic migrant are distinct in nature from the refugees. Many countries have restriction in the field of immigration and providing visa to the people. This will help to prohibit a person from entering into the other country. It is also helpful to protect the country and its economy from those persons who want to work without proper and valid work visa. China is an example of such kind of countries which completely stopped to grant citizenship for foreign migrants. Again violation of immigration law may be harmful for the people and government of that country can refuse their entry and force them to leave the country as soon as possible. Another term is used in the field of immigration which is called legal immigrant. The person enters in the new country for the purpose of b eing a permanent resident after getting clearance from the respective end. In this case the person is called as legal immigrant (Kleyn, 2-8). Immigration can be defined as a powerful instrument for economic revitalization. If population of a country increases, then number of working labour force participants also will get increased. This will help to enhance the economic condition of that country. Again more number of workers will help to generate more consumers spending in the economy. Businesses will flourish in this stage and entrepreneurs will get more scope to expand their business activities. When industry attains the growth position then automatically

Is the death penalty effective (argument) Essay

Is the death penalty effective (argument) - Essay Example Different studies conducted in different states have concluded differently about the deterrent effects of death penalty, which makes it difficult to deduce the effectiveness of capital punishment (Durlauf, Fu, and Navarro 1). Despite the subjectivity of its effectiveness from statistical observation, and the fact that death penalty is the harshest of all punishments that can be possibly given to the criminals, its usefulness and effectiveness in establishing peace in the society cannot be denied. Spending millions of dollars on death penalty is worth it because it is really effective in reducing crime rate, establishing the right justice system, and inculcating fear of law in the criminals. Capital punishment eradicates the possibility for the same criminal to reengage in crime ever. It is as simple as this; no more criminal means no more crime. Every criminal that is released from prison after completing the assigned duration of imprisonment carries the possibility of reengaging in crime. In fact, many criminals do reengage in crime. After their release, they are exposed to the same environmental, social, and cultural factors that convinced them to commit the crime before. This is the reason why many criminals are returning prisoners. Death penalty provides the most effective solution against crime recurrence. There is no recompense as fair as death penalty for certain crimes. The relatives of a person who has been murdered mostly want nothing less than murder of the murderer. The criminal deserves to be given death penalty because he/she has caused the same to someone else; â€Å"if those murdered are the sort inclined to forgive those who injure them, their murderers can take comfort that on dying they might be forgiven and at one, in the sense of having a morally balanced relationship restored, with their victims† (Aspenson 104). Fair judicial system demands that a criminal is granted punishment commensurate with the weight of the

Commercial Clause and its Effect on Business Essay

Commercial Clause and its Effect on Business - Essay Example The Commerce clause is regarded as major legal bedrock in the regulation of commercial activities especially those involving dealings with foreign countries. However, the Supreme Court upon review of the injunction, it found out that it was not in line with the federal statute, which was supposed to be only valid within the New York state. Therefore, the court withdrew the injunction because the Commercial Clause gave an authority to the Congress to pass laws/acts, which could have an effect in a single state when it had some commercial dealings with another state. Thus, this is in tandem with the book of Luke 16: 17 which states that â€Å"And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one title of the law to fail."According to Wickard v. Filburn, the original understanding or rather the interpretation of the commerce clause was elaborated by the Supreme Court to include intrastate commercial/economic activities. In this case, the defendant grew wheat with an intention for per sonal consumption but later sold the excess to the public. The court of Supreme ruled that the excess wheat sold could have a significant effect on the interstate commerce hence affecting prices and output. Therefore, the rationale applied in this context can be linked to the book of 1 Kings 5: 11 which states that â€Å"And Solomon gave Hiram twenty thousand measures of wheat for food to his household, and twenty measures of pure oil: thus gave Solomon to Hiram year by year.†

International HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International HRM - Essay Example In this paper, the potential issues that are encountered by the HR managers during overseas operations will be discussed. In order the evaluate the potential problems that are posed to arise in the way of managing an internal level ethnically and culturally diverse workforce, situational analysis appears to be a basic necessity. This situational analysis is aimed at evaluating the global business conditions that are responsible for creation of ethnically and culturally diverse workforces. So the first sub-topic in this discussion is that what are the importance and role of a multi national company (MNC) in the age of globalization? Traditionally, most of the functional MNCs had headquarters located either in USA or UK. Particularly after World War II, the US and UK companies embarked on a policy of consistent world wide expansion, especially in Europe following the implementation of politico-economic measures such as the Marshall Plan (Ferner et al, 2004). But after the break up of Soviet Union, situation changed dramatically. Developing countries and erstwhile communist states began shifting from a conservative socialist economic model towards a liberalist capitalist market framework. Therefore, just after little more than a decade of the fall of communism and decline of international Soviet financial aid, powerful corporations emerged in the developing economies too. In this way, the â€Å"new geography of FDI flows† came into being (UNCTAD, 2004). These FDI flows were not exclusively outflows or inflows. In fact, combinations of FDI outflow and inflow began to germinate between Western countries and Asia Pacific region as early as the 1980s when Japan, China, and Taiwan initiated industrial reforms (Glover and Wilkinson, 2007). In this way, it should be understood that today’s MNCs represent the zeal of the early phases of globalization which advocated for adoption of global standards

Homosexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Homosexuality - Essay Example . In the article titled, â€Å"Genetics or Not, Gay Won’t Go Away†, Frank acknowledges that, for decades, homosexuality has been widely ostracized, undergone moments of patchwork acceptance before experiencing a heady triumph in the recent times. He acknowledges that homosexuals have invoked homosexuality as a way of explaining why discrimination is senseless and homophobia unwarranted. The main theme in his article is that homosexuality is wound in an individual’s genetic make up rather than a matter of choice. Frank goes on to quote scholars like Clinton Anderson, who says that the dynamics via which an individual becomes gay are not yet known. He builds a thesis that substantial evidence indicates that there are connections between hormones, sexual identity, brains and genes. In addition, he borrows from the study which shows that 52% of identical twins are gay compared to only 22% of fraternal twins or 11% of adoptive brothers who turned out to be gay. This, he posits, shows that heredity and not the environment, called the shots as far as determining an individual’s sexual orientation. In addition, more research has identified common chromosomal and anatomical traits among homosexuals in which case, homosexuality is a result of a set of genes. In this case, he likens sexual orientation with skin color and therefore, an unchallengeable biological matter. While he may be having quite valid arguments and invoking the opinions of scholars on the issue, I find his opinions quite warped. Homosexuality is not a genetic issue but rather a matter of choice, which is mostly influenced by the environment in which one lives. In making up his thesis, Frank mainly focuses on the high number of identical twin brothers who have turned out to be homosexuals as compared to the fewer number of fraternal twins and adopted brothers who have gay sexual tendencies. While he may take this as an indication that genes play a pivotal role in determining an individual’s sexual orientation, it is ironical that adopted brothers would have gay tendencies having in mind that their genetic make-up is not similar. Is it not more logical to explain this percentage as having been influenced by their socialization (Paul, 1986)? Socialization refers to the process by which animals (or more aptly human beings) learn how to recognize other species, which it cohabit s with. In learning the interaction process, the human beings would learn communication techniques and how to communicate but also how to recognize as well as respond to other people’s intentions (Kenneth, 1988). This is exactly the same thing that happens as far as homosexuality is concerned (Jeffrey et al., 2001). As research has shown, the number of people who ascribe to homosexuality has risen in the recent times. Is this truly an indication as to changing genetics or hereditary composition (Paul, 1986)? That is definitely not the case. Many people have come up in support of homosexuality thereby triggering curiosity amongst the young people, who have gone ahead and become inducted into homosexuality. This is definitely not a case where homosexuality genes were present but suppressed. It is a case of straight individuals socialized into a particular habit thanks to their curiosity. In essence, many people will acknowledge that technological advancement has contributed imm ensely to the rise in homosexuality. While internet has marked a giant technological leap, it has also created avenues where homosexuality can be nurtured. Pornographic sites have cropped up stirring and shaping these feelings, with many young people

Public Health and an Epidemic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Health and an Epidemic - Essay Example You know that it is hurting you and your whole body system but you cannot see it. You want to confront it but you cannot find it. You want to eradicate it but you cannot touch and catch it. Those are your predicaments. You appear to be the loser to the adversary which you cannot even tell if it is there or no longer there. In the meantime, this very tiny creature which attempts to destroy your whole human faculties keeps on multiplying and multiplying by fighting its own host which is you in order to survive. At the other side of the coin, here you are also fighting for your health and life against a virtual unknown and an invisible folly. Yes, it is a fight to survive between you and this mysterious foe. Who survives is a question you cannot resolve, despite all the knowledge and information which you have stored in your brain which this opponent ironically does not have. Then, you turn to Charles Darwin who utters "survival of the fittest".3 You have to be the winner. You have to b e the fittest else the homo sapiens becomes an endangered species or consequently extinct. In this study, the publi... Then, you turn to Charles Darwin who utters "survival of the fittest".3 You have to be the winner. You have to be the fittest else the homo sapiens becomes an endangered species or consequently extinct. Owing to the premises laid down above, it is therefore imperative that once an epidemic becomes noticeable, researches must be made to identify and define the killer. In this study, the public health topic selected is Chlamydia, a sexually transmitted disease. While it is very well under control by the use and management of certain antibiotics, there has been reported resurgence in alarming proportions.4 In the United States of America in the year 2006, there were more than one million cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CD), an agency under the Department of Health and Human Services and there is reliable information that the figures of unreported cases are substantial. Chlamydia is a very important selection because it bears to infertility and to inborn infections which are sometimes irreversible, including pre-mature deliveries. It means that it is a threat to life especially of the innocent babies. 5 It is also worth to note that there are opinions commenting that people with Chlamydia are likely to acquire AIDS. Variant characteristics of Chlamydia Chlamydia being a sex disease, it is perceived to be common to people who are still within the active sexual life range It does not matter what race or gender one belongs to be exposed to the disease. As far as concerning occupation, this epidemic will not care whatever profession the person has although the probability of infection should be naturally high to those who trade with sex (like prostitutes, entertainment and hospitality workers) and those prone to have such unconventional

Manufacturing Technologies - Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Manufacturing Technologies - 2 - Assignment Example The late1980s was marked with intense marketing of a cast magnesium frame (Anon, 1987 and Anon, 1988). Despite the fact about the difficulties regarding the proof of the long term success as a product, this however had quite little to do with the functional design and method of manufacture of the frame (Anon, 1987: 235-236). Today, there is many more research being conducted in this production field which ultimately aims at improving the existing models and bring into market more sufficient models that are of high quality. Critical aspects in the processes of manufacturing sequence for a bicycle frame Bicycle manufacturing involves a series of process which can be classified in to primary stage and secondary stage. The primary stage safe ultimately involves the hardware part of manufacturing with the main aim being the creation of the structure of the bicycle while the secondary part can also be looked upon has the finishing stage of manufacturing a bicycle which involves the paintin g of the bicycle among other small things that are done to a bicycle before it is ready to be used (Springfield Bicycle Manufacturing Co. (Boston, Mass.), 1888). The process of manufacturing a bicycles frame involves a sequence of processes. There are two main sequence processes that are followed in the manufacturing of the frame namely, the casting technique and the forming-joining technique. The casting technique is an innovation of British bicycle and was designed by Frank Kirk. It is designed using computer. The casting technique used a magnesium alloy which was more efficient and advantageous as compares to steel-tubed diamond bicycle frame. Magnesium alloy casting proved to e twice as rigid as steel-tubed bicycle frame, it was more aerodynamic, cheaper to produce (Linda, C, and Ernest, 1996). It is also lighter and cheaper to produce in the long run. Another advantage of the casting technique was that it produce a bicycle frame which could not flex, it did not produce energy t hat was expended to produce propel the machine and it was made to be high stiff by running the down to tube along the axis from the head tube to the rear axle. Casting production method was an improvement seen it facilitated the production of identical frames with identical performance that were more durable (Springfield Bicycle Manufacturing Co. (Boston, Mass.), 1888). Casting production of the bicycle frame proved to be more sufficient in terms of its function despite its low cost. Another advantage of the casting of a bicycle frame was that the frame had special inserts which allowed the insertion of all components parts of a bicycle such as the brakes and it was also composed of a carbon fiber hanger which enabled the mechanism to be swurfg clear so that the wheel can removed and replaced more easily and fast (Yu-Shan, Ming-Ji, Lin, and Chang, 2009: 207-217) The production of bicycle frame was boosted by development of the a large pressure die-casting machine which produces larg e amount of bicycle frame over a short period of time with the production of one frame being estimated to take one minute and annual production being 200000 frames. The process of making a bicycle frame is very complex. It involves joining tubes together by brazed lugs where more lugs are built in order to

Polar Bear Essay Example for Free

Polar Bear Essay The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a bear native largely within the Arctic circle encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. It is the worlds largest land carnivore and also the largest bear, together with the omnivorous Kodiak bear, which is approximately the same size. [3] An adult male weighs around 350-680 kg (770-1 ,500 while an adult female is about half that size. Although it is closely related to the brown bear, it has evolved to occupy a narrow ecological niche, with many body characteristics adapted for cold emperatures, for moving across snow, ice, and open water, and for hunting the seals which make up most of its diet. [5] Although most polar bears are born on land, they spend most of their time at sea (hence their scientific name meaning maritime bear) and can hunt consistently only from sea ice, so spend much of the year on the frozen sea. The polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species, with 8 of the 19 polar bear subpopulations in decline. 6] For decades, unrestricted hunting[clarification eeded] raised international concern for the future of the species; populations have rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect. [citation needed] For thousands of years, the polar bear has been a key fgure in the material, spiritual, and cultural life of Arctic indigenous peoples, and the hunting of polar bears remains important in their cultures. The IIJCN now lists global warming as the most significant threat to the polar bear, primarily because the melting of its sea ice habitat reduces its ability to find sufficient food. The II-JCN states, If climatic trends continue polar bears may become extirpated from most of their range within 100 years. [7] The polar bear was listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act by the United States Department of the Interior in 2008. Habitat The polar bear is often regarded as a marine mammal because it spends many months of the year at sea. [28] Its preferred habitat is the annual sea ice covering the waters over the continental shelf and the Arctic inter-island archipelagos. These areas, known as the Arctic ring of life, have high biological productivity in comparison to the deep waters of the high The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet. [30] Polar bears are therefore found primarily along the perimeter of the polar ice pack, rather than in the Polar Basin close to the North Pole where the density of seals is low. 1] Annual ice contains areas of water that appear and disappear throughout the year as the weather changes. Seals migrate in response to these changes, and polar bears must follow their prey. [29] In Hudson Bay, James Bay, and some other areas, the ice melts completely each summer (an event often referred to as ice-floe breakup), forcing polar bears to go onto land and wait through the months until the next freeze-up. [29] In the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, polar bears retreat each summer to the ice further north that remains frozen year-round.

World’s Best Cup of Joe Essay Example for Free

World’s Best Cup of Joe Essay Many Americans start their day off with a morning cup of coffee. Some brew a pot at home but many add a few extra minutes to their morning commute to stop for a cup of their favorite flavor. With dozens of different coffee shops, how is one supposed to choose? The battle has been going on for over a decade between the two main contenders, Dunkin Donuts and Starbucks. Starbucks sells an upper class lifestyle to their coffee drinkers, while Dunkin Donuts sells a cup of joe for the average Joe. Each goes about advertising in a different manner. Through the use of print advertising, Starbucks shows its superiority to Dunkin Donuts by using powerful text, creating an aesthetic scene, and evoking specific emotions and thoughts. The text in each advertisement says something about the product and company. The Starbucks’ ad reads, â€Å"The best coffee for the best YOU. Taste of Inspiration.† The words are so simple yet have a powerful meaning. Starbucks makes the consumer feel good about buying their product because if you are the best, you deserve the best. After all, they are selling an upper class lifestyle. The best part of the ad is that the emphasis isn’t even on the coffee; it is on â€Å"you† as it is displayed in big, bold green lettering. By making â€Å"you† feel like the best, one is more inclined to spend money on products that make them feel like the best. The statement, â€Å"Taste of Inspiration†, adds another layer of sophistication to this ad. Those words are written in script unlike the other words, to add elegance to it. It’s as if with a single sip of Starbucks you will feel enlightened. Starbucks markets itself as not just a coffee shop bu t also a lifestyle, unlike Dunkin Donuts. Dunkin Donuts’ advertisement is all about the coffee. Dunkin Donuts’ ad reads, â€Å"There’s Coffee. Then There’s America’s Favorite Coffee.† DD gets to the point quickly; their ad comes right out and says they’re â€Å"America’s Favorite†. This statement seems somewhat presumptuous considering the amount of coffee shops all across America but also shows DD’s confidence in their product. They use America as a testimonial for their product. If it’s America’s favorite then they must have a great product. The text in advertisements is a major component but it would be nothing without the scene around it. It is important for advisers to create an advertisement that will make people take time out of their day to look at. The Starbucks’ ad is a blend of about 5 warm colors. It gives a welcoming feeling as if the coffee is from your own home. The main focus in the picture is a normal Starbucks cup in the foreground but everything in the scene is relevant. Although the background is blurred to allow the cup to be the attention getter, the background is still an important part. The background is the inside of a Starbucks, which can be determined by the blurred outlines of chairs and tables. Using a Starbucks as the scene is a great marketing strategy because now the consumer is only thinking Starbucks. The advertisement leaves no room for confusion; it is all Starbucks. With Starbucks on the brain and a beautiful scene, who could look away? The ad has caught the consumer’s eye and with the text as reinforcement, it does a great job advertising Starbucks. On the opposing side, Dunkin Donuts is more concerned with the actual coffee itself. The normal pink and orange lettering is displayed proudly on the standard cup of coffee. The cup is placed directly in front of your face. The text, mentioned above, isn’t the most important part of this advertisement. DD wants people to see the rich, black coffee in the cup. They want potential consumers to see the cup of coffee they could be getting if they choose to get DD. The text above the cup is only to reinforce the quality of it. Dunkin Donuts does a good job with product placement but is lacking character. The DD ad doesn’t add anything fun or relatable to it. Starbucks not only mentioned â€Å"you† the consumer, but rather centered the whole ad around â€Å"you†. The customer is very important to Starbucks. The DD advertisement has a more â€Å"take me or leave me† approach. It’s almost like, â€Å"Hey! We’re America’s favorite, why would you go anywhere else?† The text in the DD ad is almost arrogant. Starbucks textual portion was well thought out and works well to bring the ad together. When creating ads, advertisement companies choose every component specifically to create a precise feeling and thought in the potential consumer’s mind. The combination of colors and the text, in the Starbucks’ ad, make a person want to smile. Starbucks’ advertisement makes one feel warm and welcome. The contrast between the dark and the light colors creates a scene that people want to stop and look at. It’s welcoming to anyone, from teenagers to elderly citizens of any race. This advertisement’s demographic is anyone who drinks coffee, not just business people. Customers are meant to look at the ad and think, â€Å"I am the best, I deserve the best coffee.† The ad actually gives people self-confidence, in that, they promise to provide the best coffee to you because you are, in fact the best. In contrast, Dunkin Donuts’ advertisement makes a statement about their reputation. They are less concerned with the consumer’s self-confidence but rather more concerned with giving the consumer a reason to choose them. They proudly state that they are America’s favorite, what more does a consumer need? No one is going to take a poll of everyone in America to confirm this statement; so instead, customers are left to rely on the information DD has provided. Dunkin Donuts’ advertisement leaves room to be challenged by expert coffee drinkers. The only way customers can prove the statement right or wrong is by going in and tasting a cup for themselves. Once they have purchased a cup, whether they agree or disagree, DD has won. The ad was meant to make a sale and it has done just that. In conclusion, both ads approached their print advertisements in a different way. Starbucks’ text shows that they are focused on the customer and not themselves unlike DD. The scene Starbucks shows is more aesthetically pleasing to consumers. Lastly the thoughts and emotions evoked from the Starbucks’ ad have more impact on potential customers.

Life And Work Of Barbara Kruger Photography Essay

Life And Work Of Barbara Kruger Photography Essay Even though some may challenge the ideological messages behind Barbara Krugers work in the 1980s, it brought about a change in society. She criticizes everything that is wrong with the stereotypical society using a conceptual approach to her artwork. Kruger challenges gender, sex, religion, consumerism, greed, power and her work becomes fueled by the mass media. Kruger was born in 1945 in Newark, New Jersey. In 1964, she studied at the School of Visual Arts at Syracuse University. After a year at Syracuse, she went to the Parsons School of Design in New York and studied graphic design. After a year at Parsons, she received an entry level position at Mademoiselle Magazine in New York. She was soon promoted to head designer at the magazine. By working for a magazine, she was able see how words and photos can have a certain power to consumers. She became familiarized with these concepts of graphic design and started applying them to her artwork. During the late 1970s she started off using her own photography as the medium for her work as a female artist. In the 1980s she developed a different approach to her work by integrating images and text. In the book Thinking of You Steven Heller states, Krugers method was influenced by reductive Modernist graphic design, the kind that began somewhat idealistically but has dominated corporate identity during the postwar years, as well as the so-called Big Idea or Creative Revolution advertising style of the sixties, known for clever slogans and ironic single images (Heller 112). Krugers artwork is considered postmodern. For Kruger, as for many contemporary theorists, postmodernism is not a style of succeeding the dissolution of modernism but rather a historical condition, marked by new philosophical relations; it signals a rupture with the notion of sovereign and individuality inherited from the Enlightenment (Linker 12). Postmodernism is an art movement that happened after modernism during the late 20th century. Krugers work impacts postmodernism because it sets a precedent for social constructs. Barbara Kruger uses space, text and photos as a way to bring her messages to a grand audience. Her use of words and pictures convey a deeper meaning. Her artwork shows the viewer how fast people are to label someone in society. The work shows how another persons view can impact society as a whole by letting the hierarchy in society manifest our culture. Barbara went beyond this to get a reaction from society by raising this social awareness in her art. Some may argue that her work disrupts the space or environment in which it is displayed. In the article Jam Life into Death, Ana Balona de Olivera talks about how Kruger uses the explicit artistic violence of disruption in order to raise awareness of hidden social violence (Balona de Olivera 752). I dont agree that her artwork is violent or disruptive in relation to the space itself. In our vast world we see large advertised displays all around us. There is more violence viewed on television and in news. I believe her work is more about the message than the actual disruption of the space it occupies. She makes us stop and wonder what we are looking at. When viewing her work, we are challenged to see the actual message behind the work. She tries to communicate messages that she feels are beneficial to society or ironic in nature. The images she chooses may or may not have anything to do with the text on top of the images. Kruger states, As long as pictures remain powerful, living conventions within culture, Ill continue to use them and turn them around (Squiers 148). Kruger uses black and white images that she has come across in magazines, advertisements and other media. She uses these images that arent her own but started to weave them with text to make them her own, which is called appropriation. Krugers work will be necessary to a visual representation for the 1980s, her influence now permeates all the forms of media culture that she appropriated (Garrard 263). Her juxtaposed images shaped how people view society. In Michael Foucaults thesis What is an Author A Lecture; he states, The modes of circulation, valorization, attribution and appropriation of discourses vary with each culture and are modified within each (Foucault 952). Krugers works are a reflection of corporate consumerism and are viewed daily by many people. As a consumer, it is evident that we are buying into corporate America and there is no sign telling us it happens all the time. Sometimes images stay with us and later in life we can identify with them. Some images will leave as soon as we see them with little or no effect on our lives. Working as a graphic designer, Kruger was aware of how certain images sell to a grand audience. In graphic design, the font you use depends on the message you are trying to convey in the advertisement. The font that Barbara uses is called Future Bold Italic. I appreciate the fact that Kruger uses the same font in every piece so the viewer cant convey a certain feeling or mood attributed with it. She let the words do the talking. Even though her images are collage, they possess a graphic quality to them. With this experience she could use images through repetition and recognition that impact our social culture. Kruger uses the color red behind the text invoke a range of feelings by the viewer. The color red can make people feel angry, loving, warm or powerful. Her color choices were something you would see in a newspaper or for marketing a brand like Coca-Cola during the 1980s. Again, her graphic design abilities came into play. By using these colors she could grab peoples attention to them. These colors seem to resemble Russian constructivism but I dont think she was influenced by the art produced during that time. Kruger chooses larger than life public displays. She uses billboards, bus stops, posters and other remote areas. There isnt an average size of her work. She can work as large as a 14 x 48 foot billboard or as small as a print on a coffee cup. Kruger also incorporates her work inside local settings. Her work is viewed in galleries, museums, and storefronts. Her artwork has also appeared in Rage Against the Machine videos and album covers. Krugers artwork is sold as a commodity on T-shirts, postcards, bags and other paraphernalia. What better way to convey a message like Dont be a Jerk on your coffee cup. The artist Jenny Holzer also uses declarative sentence structures that are similar to Krugers artwork. Her work is projected electronically onto a public space using text to convey a message. Krugers work represents typical feminine stereotypes as well as other stereotypical issues that existed during the 1980s. Jenny Holzer and Barbara Krugers art was situated at the complex intersection of the postmodern avant-garde of appropriation and simulation art with feminist critical theory coming from England and France (Garrard 254). Kruger sets a discourse for other feminine artwork done in the 1970s. Kruger, like others, has voiced her concern not to illustrate theory. Nevertheless, crucial notions that circulated within theory about the relations among sexuality, meaning and language found their way into these artists works (Linker 60). Krugers silkscreen image Untitled (Your body is a battleground) 1989 (figure 1) speaks about patriarchy, stereotyping, and consumption. It is a photographic silkscreen on vinyl and is approximately 112112 inches. There is a vintage photo of a woman who looks like a stereotypical housewife. The words Your body is a battleground lay across the image inside a red box. The woman in the photograph has a remarkably intent gaze. She also has subtle features and her face is split symmetrically revealing two different looking images. One side of her face is black and white where you are able to recognize her visual features. The other side of her face is reversed black and white. The features become mechanical and not easily recognizable. We are looking at the same women with two extremely different sides to her. It looks like she has a good side and bad side to her. This photo relates to how women may not feel human all the time in a male-dominated society. And one can note, on the other hand, the ideology of the spectacle as authorized by the dominant order, in which one part of society represents itself to the other, reinforcing domination (Linker 61). The text relates to the struggles women have had over how they are portrayed in the media. During the 1980s women were fighting for their own reproductive rights. They were preserving the womans right of choice to have an abortion against the pro-life movement. Kruger allowed a campaign by the Pro-Choice Public Education Project to adopt her style in a 1998 ad for abortion rights (Dieckmann 172). Kruger took this image to an even larger display for the art world. By agreeing to let herself be copied for a cause, Kruger displayed yet another of her facets- call it Barbara Kruger, Anti-Author (Dieckmann 172). The essay What is an Author A Lecture by Michael Foucault calls for the death of the author. He states, The author is the principle thrift in the proliferation of meaning. We must reverse the traditional idea of the author (Foucault 952). Kruger has set out to take authorship away from this work. Foucault asks the issue in his essay, What difference does it make who is speaking? (Foucault, 953). The image Untitled (Your body is a battleground) was speaking for women and womens rights. Kruger let the people repeat her work for a greater protest in her favor. Kruger wanted to get a reaction from society by using her work to promote a cause. Another example of her work is Untitled, made in 1987 (figure 2). The image was placed on a billboard for the University of Art MATRIX program. It shows a girl impressively admiring a boy who is flexing his arm. The text reads We dont need another hero near the bottom of the piece. The text is white in a red strip extending all the way across the image. The photograph is also outlined in red. The text may be in reference to a song written by Tina Turner in the late 1980s. The lyrics talk about children that are living in fear because they realize there is no such thing as a hero. The black and white photograph is reminiscent of Dick and Jane artwork done in the 1950s. The photo raises an issue of the role of gender at an extremely young age. The word We suggests women. We shouldnt think of a boy being able to protect a girl at such a young age. During the 1980s men were the ones fighting in the war in Iraq, while the women tended to the home. Though women had more rights, men and women still played independent roles in society. It wasnt until the 1990s that women began moving up the corporate ladder into a higher social status. I think this work is suggesting that we dont need another tough guy in society trying to show women how to act and what to do. Its enough to say when we are born, are roles in society are predetermined. As girls, we are taught to play with Barbie Dolls. As girls, we grew up with Barbie Dolls and are taught to be gentle and loving as she is. Boys are taught to be aggressive and tough as their war figures and plastic weapons are made for. In keeping with contemporary feminist theory, she endorses Freuds refutation of the terms masculine and feminine in favor of active and passive relations, connecting sexuality to the situation of the subject (Linker 62). This is true in that most artwork depicted women as objects of possession. Kruger challenges the real power of a mans role in society. It should be noted that those Emotional and intuitive men were allowed to get away with imagery whose blatant essentialism would have been condemned if done by a women (Garrard 257). Today Krugers work graces the cover of a consumer driven society. The work Untitled 2010 (figure 3) appeared on the cover of W magazine. The magazine showcased various artists and Krugers work was on the cover. The cover showcased Kim Kardashians naked body. Krugers text Its all about you, I mean me, I mean you laying across parts of her body. This is an example of how a reality superstar made herself a sex symbol for a remarkably young generation of followers. It isnt entirely clear why Kim Kardashian is on the cover of this magazine. Kruger has not talked about the work in detail or her intent. Kim Kardashian is using her sexuality to gain notoriety in the public eye. Barbara Krugers older work would fight against any imagery like this. I believe she is trying to deal with the issue of the female gaze. I think she is realizing that sex sells in this new generation. It may be that her popularity as an artist is widely from her art in the public eye. Kruger challenges how celebrities are portrayed by the media though she may be condemned for doing so. Kruger is teasing the male audience by not putting her whole body on display. The play on words cover up any sexual connotations. Kim Kardashians body appears to be made plastic or airbrushed but none the less perfect. The text is broken into three sections: One section lays across her breast saying, Its all about me. This text implies that she is a reality superstar and is the perfect example of beauty. The second text lays across her midsection stating, I mean you. The text implies that women are trying to become this perfect women that they may see in a magazine. In the essay From Visual Pleasure Narrative Cinema Laura Mulvey talks about the pleasure of looking through film. One pleasure is scopophilia: taking people as objects and subjecting them to a controlling and curious gaze. She states, Women, then, stands in patriarchal culture as a signifier for the male other, bound by a symbolic order in which man can live out his fantasies through linguistic command by imposing them on women still tied to her place as bearer of meaning, not maker of meaning (Mulvey 983). I think scopophilia is prevalent in advertising today. In most magazines the front cover always has a women staring at the viewer and some sexual aspect of her body becomes a secondary focal point. Though some of these magazines may be reproduced for women, men also get a visual pleasure from looking at them. Indeed, Krugers art is invariably directed at the manner in which visual mastery becomes aligned with difference or, more pointedly, at the way in which representations position women as objects of the male gaze (Linker 61). As a woman, if I were to use this image and put it on my fridge to look at everyday, I would have to admit that I could never be this person. But many women believe that this is reality. The third text is laying across her genital area and states, I mean me. The text implies that it was never about you it was all about her. Her body image is a false reality fueled by the mass media. In conclusion, Krugers work is similarly fueled by the mass media. Using re-occurring ideological messages to communicate her ideas the themes of gender, sex, consumerism, greed and power, she criticizes everything that she feels is wrong with the society we live in.

Mary Robinson and Her Many Masks Essay -- Poet Poem Actress Essays

Mary Robinson and Her Many Masks Mary Robinson’s public image as an actress and at times transgressive female are inseparable from her identity as an author and poet. Having begun her public life as an actress, Robinson remained keenly conscious of the power of audience. She intentionally re-scripted her own past, using her lurid fame to launch her successful writing career. Written at the end of her life, The Haunted Beach represents a culmination of efforts to make a serious impact on the world of poetry. Among other daring moves, Robinson's poem effectively engages with a known poet, in its recognizable similarities to Coleridge's Rime, and makes a social commentary on a murder she witnessed. The poem’s vaguely defined relationship with audience mirrors Robinson’s own multiplicity in voice. Just as The Haunted Beach is told by an unidentified observer, ultimately Robinson’s own identity remains unknowable; at best she is a fusion of her many pseudonyms, stage characters, and ideas pres ented in her written works. Much has been written on Robinson’s complicated relationship with the public, as well as her intriguing rapport with contemporary artists such as Coleridge and Wordsworth. In considering â€Å"The Haunted Beach,† one of the last poems Robinson wrote before her death, one must pay with attention to her complex path to artist and public figure; both the poem’s conception and its reception are affected by her public persona and her artistic and social connections. Robinson crafted multiple identities as actress, author and poet, all of which play into her constantly developing poetic project. Poetry became for Robinson not only a forum for earning income and salvaging her damaged reputation, but also a form of self-expre... ....clayfox.com/ashessparks/reports/miles.html>> Feldman, Paula R, Ed. British Women Poets of the Romantic Era: An Anthology. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 1997. Griggs, Earl Leslie. â€Å"Coleridge and Mrs. Mary Robinson.† Modern Language Notes, 45 (1930): 90-95. Kramer, Lawrence. â€Å"Gender and Sexuality in the Prelude: The Question of Book Seven.† ELH 54 (Autumn 1987): 619-637. Mellor, Anne K. â€Å"Mary Robinson and the scripts of female sexuality.† In Representations of the Self from the Renaissance to Romanticism. Ed. Coleman, Patrick et al. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, 2000. Ockerbloom, Mary Mark, Ed. A Celebration of Women Writers. Pascoe, Judith. Romantic Theatricality: Gender, Poetry and Spectatorship. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.

Malcom X And Charles Sheldon :: essays research papers

Religious and Social Visions of Malcolm X and Charles Sheldon As with all individuals we all have different thoughts on what the world needs. Some people take a sutel approach in pressing the beliefs, where as others are very aggressive about it. Charles Sheldon a Christian who tried to push a movement throughout the Christian church based on what Christ would do. Individuals in the church and the community viewed Sheldon’s movement as a strong and sometimes â€Å"impossible† feat. However, it was never found to be a major threat to the society that it took place in. Sheldon was trying to start this movement within the church so that it would spread and the â€Å"unreached† people would see the light of Christ Jesus in Christians in the way that they live their everyday lives. Sheldon’s attempt to live in the theme of â€Å"what Jesus would do†, did not force any beliefs on anyone or threaten anyone’s beliefs. It was purely a movement of self-commitment that an individual made on there own basis. Sheldon did not look at those who did not take the challenge of following â€Å"what Jesus would do† and frown upon them. No he just prayed for them and asked for guidance for him to reach the people. Malcolm X however, had a different agenda than that of Charles Sheldon. Malcolm was viewed by most Americans as a radical, many people say him as a black that was ready to speak his mind to the world. Malcolm’s mouth got him in trouble with Elijah Muhammad and was silenced for 90 days after his comments following the death of John F. Kennedy. Malcolm was by no means a person who was out to make friends. Not only did Malcolm make the general public question his comments, but also the Black Islam community was ashamed that Malcolm would say those comments in front of

Native Son - Segregation, Oppression and Hatred Essay -- Native Son Es

Native Son - Segregation, Oppression and Hatred The novel, Native Son, portrays the struggle one black man faces while trying to live in a segregated society in the late 1930s. Growing up poor, uneducated, and angry at the whole world, Bigger Thomas seems destined to meet a bad fate. Bigger lives with his family in a rat-infested one-bedroom apartment on the South Side of Chicago, known as the "Black Belt." His childhood has been filled with hostility and oppression; anger, frustration, and violence are a daily reality. A the age of twenty, Bigger lands his first real job as a chauffeur for a rich white man, Mr. Dalton. On his first night on the job Bigger takes Mr. Dalton's daughter, Mary Dalton, to secretly meet her boyfriend, Jan Erlone, a self-admitted Communist. Everyone gets a little drunk, especially Mary, and after a while Bigger drops Jan off at home and takes Mary home. As he carries Mary up the stairs and puts her into bed, Mary's blind mother walks in the room. Bigger panics and accidentally kills Mary while trying to keep her quiet so Mrs. Dalton would not notice that he was in the room, too. When Mary's body is discovered people initially blame Jan, but as evidence is discovered, the facts point to Bigger and he flees. He is soon caught and put on trial for murder. Throughout Bigger short life, he strives to find a place for himself in society, but he is unable to see through the prejudice and suppression that he encounters in those around him. The bleak harshness of the racist, oppressive society that the author, Richard Wright, presents the reader closes Bigger out as effectively as if society had sh... ... because they fear, and they fear because they feel that the deepest feelings of their lives are being assaulted and outraged. And they do not know why; they are powerless pawns in a blind play of social forces." Despite Max's efforts, the oppressors got their bitter vengeance and a jury of twelve white men sentenced Bigger to death. The segregation and oppression that exists between the whites and blacks has created a feeling of hatred that has torn these two groups apart, and succeeded only in perpetuating the tension and violence between them. Through Bigger's hatred and discomfort around whites, the naivety of white society, and his violent murder of a young girl, Wright demonstrates the intensity of the hatred created by the segregation and oppression that Bigger was forced to endure every day until the end of his life.

In my everyday life how do I measure success and failure Essay

The aim of this paper is to discuss how to measure success and failure in everyday life. The evaluation of the social concept of success should start with acknowledging that social definition of success varies from culture to culture and even from one social group to another. In other words, every society has its own belief about what social success is. For example, if a person drives a 2007 Jaguar and lives in a nice house, he or she is regarded as successful by society norms. People are trying to move up the social ladder because the society is placing a lot of pressure on them to belong to the highest class possible. Government uses the relationship between social class (lower, middle, and upper) to suggest that society is equally just. Growing up in the city, I could witness stereotypical views of low income families. I could witness people being discriminated because they didn’t have nice suits or dresses, and their vocabulary was not equal to or better than the person they were talking to. Sometimes the idea of social success puts too much pressure on people so they sometimes forget their morals and values. The problem is all they want to do is to reach new social status because that is what society has led them to believe and what society expects of them. My grandfather often cited a southern saying that reads as follows: â€Å"Money is the root of all evil. † Through the years I often wondered if he was correct. Society describes lower class as government assisted or a troublesome group of people. Hanratty and Meditz stated that â€Å"[i]n contrast, the masses were composed of the illiterate and the impoverished who lived on the margin of subsistence and possessed little or no security, skill, or stable employment. † I disagree with Hanratty and Meditz statement: most lower class people do have work-related skills and are literate. In a lower class neighborhood at a local barber shop there are always conversations about how the upper class is destroying the lower class, and why lower class people cannot integrate into the mainstream society. Some would say that their major obstacle on the way to social success is fear or ability to adapt to change. Lower class is aware that they are labeled; however, they are determined to be a driving force in society. The stereotype of a successful family implies that a husband and a wife have an income that allows them to live in a nice neighborhood. Society would classify that family as middle class. Samuelson writes that â€Å"[c]ompounding the stress, the price of entry into the middle class is always rising. The more we can have, the more we must have. Keeping up with the Joneses is the curse of our advances and ambitions† (19). The problem with middle class and the problem of trying to belong there is that the upper class considers itself middle class at times. It forces hard-working middle class people to work harder, often taking on two jobs to maintain their social status. Some upper class people continue to downplay their status as middle class. That would put pressure on truly middle class people to stay (or even move up) in the social status. Expectation of what society requires of the middle class often puts pressure on the middle class to advance. Being born into wealth has been the only way to integrate in the upper class. Today the upper class is comprised of a diverse group of people unlike years before when the rich just had to travel and throw socials. The perception of upper class as seen on television is sometimes different from reality, as the rich have large amounts of money and can abuse their power. The rich are excuse from a lot of mishaps, while the middle and lower class would have not received the same treatment. Domhoff writes that â€Å"[f]rom infancy through young adulthood, members of the upper class receive a distinctive education. This education begins early in life in preschools that frequently are attached to a neighborhood church of high social status. Schooling continues during the elementary years at a local private school called a day school. Higher education will be obtained at one of a small number of heavily endowed private universities. Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Stanford head the list, followed by smaller Ivy League schools in the East and a handful of other small private schools in other parts of the country† (24). The upper class continues to work hard on staying on top: they put pressure on themselves and their children to stimulate them to stay in the same social class. What we as society fail to realize is that success comes from within. In every culture there are social problems that result from being in a certain situation. Everybody has their own definition of what success is; definitions of success range from being rich, driving a fancy car, and living in a big house to simply being in good health and having a stress-free life. I have read a lot of articles through the years on what it takes to be successful and I stil.

Modern Society and Breakfasts

Breakfast is identified as the most important meal of the day. It is also the meal which people often skip despite having health benefits such as helping in weight management, better energy and concentration, as well as better problem-solving skills (The Importance of Breakfast). From context, the word breakfast means breaking the fasting which lasted throughout the sleep. People prefer different meals for breakfast. Some go for cereals; some go for bread, some for rice, pancakes, eggs, bacon, sausages etc.Whatever kind of breakfast a person eats, as a habit, it is still related to a certain culture but modern culture has resulted in breakfast being neglected. From the data gathered from an interview, the Western style breakfast consists mostly one or more of the following: pancakes or waffles, cereals, bread, eggs, bacon, ham, sausages with milk, coffee, juice or tea. The interviewees said that they usually have breakfast as a family before but changing times resulted in not having to eat breakfast with other family members.Some can still manage to eat with their family. Many now prepare their own breakfast and treat it as an individual activity. Due to a fast-paced life especially in the city, many people no longer have breakfast at home. They usually get breakfast on their way to work or school. In a modern society, people consider breakfast as an individual affair and very few people regard breakfast as a ritual, thus, family members have breakfast at different times. Many people have also been known to skip breakfast (Prevos, 2004).The importance of eating breakfast cannot be denied. I study indicated that children who ate breakfast showed better performance in school. They have better test scores, have better behaviour and are less hyperactive (Jegtvig, 2008). Breakfast in an important meal but modern cultural influences have resulted in breakfast becoming an individual activity instead of being a group activity like it was considered before. More and mor e people are also skipping breakfast. Interviews: Person 1 †¢ Eats pancakes, waffles or cereals, milk, fruit juice for breakfast.†¢ Breakfast is a group activity with family members †¢ Pancakes and waffles go with maple syrup with milk or fruit juice for drinks. Eats breakfasts with family since all family members go to work or school early Person 2 †¢ Eats eggs, cereal, bacon, ham, rice, milk or coffee for breakfast. †¢ Breakfast is an individual activity. Family members wake up at different times but breakfast is served by mother. †¢ Sometimes have breakfast on the way to work. Person 3 †¢ Eats toasted bread, eggs, sausages, fruit juice or coffee for breakfast.†¢ Breakfast is an individual activity. †¢ Cooks own breakfasts or have breakfast on the way to work. Person 4 †¢ Does not eat breakfast. References Jegtvig, S. 20 August 2008. Eating Healthy Food Aids Learning. About. com. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://nutrition. ab out. com/od/ nutritionforchildren/a/dietandlearning. htm Prevos, P. 15 August 2004. Breakfast and Culture. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://prevos. net/ola/breakfast. pdf The Importance of Breakfast. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www. bellybytes. com/articles/breakfast2. shtml

Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane Eyre

Analysis of the Theme of Jane Eyre and its Literary Devices Jane Eyre is an outstanding and meaningful novel which was written by Charlotte Bronte who didn’t have a fascinating appearance, a perfect figure and a glorious family and who had the similar fate with the heroine of the novel. The essay is focused on the first chapter, life at Gateshead, in which it tells us the little Jane Eyre’s miserable and menial life at Gateshead and that her cousins and Mrs. Reed treat her badly. In this chapter, the author intends to show us Jane Eyre’s resistance toward their torture and scolds. In order to demonstrate the motif, the author uses some gothic characters and depicts evil images of persons who bully Jane Eyre. Firstly, many gothic elements are adopted in this chapter in order to set the fundamental tone and manifest what a cruel and miserable life little Jane Eyre leads. It uses many delicate and horrified words to depict the weather, the season and some other things concerning the environment. Not only does it makes us feel that it’s really bad weather, but also we can feel Jane’s emotions and feelings at that time, upset, hopeless and so on, which will incite her resistant power. Secondly, Bronte is an expert in depicting characters’ images. We can find many vivid figures in front of us via reading the chapter. Take Jane’s cousin, John, as an example. From the novel, we can see that John’s mother spoils and dotes on him and she satisfies his demands no matter how ridiculous they are. Because of those, he shapes a naughty, arrogant and capricious personality. Jane is a poor girl whose parents are dead, so she has to live with her aunt. John always teases and bullies her, for she is a fragile and obedient stranger in his eyes. And what is much worse is that his mother always gives a cold shoulder to little Jane. As time goes by, John’s maleficences become more and more violent. One day, little Jane can’t stand it and she resists. She says: â€Å" you are like a murderer, you are like a slave-driver, you are like the Roman emperors. † It uses metaphor and parallelism to depict a vivid figure of John in front us. Figures of speech made the image brighter and clearer. Third, the setting of the chapter is dark, miserable and depressive. At the beginning of the chapter, a cold, dark and rainy evening was presented in front of us, which give readers a depressive impression. The description sets the basic tone of the chapter and implicates the terrible environment in which little Jane live. In this chapter, the author intends to present Jane’s resistance to life to readers. Its dark, cold and miserable setting implicates Jane’s poor living condition and her fragile emotion, which hide the foreshadowing of her resistance. Also gothic elements employed in the chapter deepen the theme. And depictions of each character promote the development of the theme.

Assess Functionalsu and New Right View of the Family Essay

Functionalists believe that the family have specific or traditional functions within the family. One function of the family would be reproduction or having children as this is imperative for the world as they will be the future workforce. For example family businesses will need to pass down the factories/shops to the next generation in the family for the continuing of the ancestors business. Other functions include economic maintenance this is where the family provides necessities for all the family members for example shelter, food and clothing. Another is that the family helps teach children how to socialise with others and also educate them with the correct norms. An important function of the family is that it gives a sense of identity and belonging for example the family allows people to be able to rely on because they are connected through family. Talcott Parsons is one of the key functionalists that strongly argued that the nuclear family fits the needs of the contemporary family and so believes that that extended family, which could involve divorce, will prevent the family from growing and being taken care of. He supported the traditional functions of the family and spoke about how the modern family is changing a lot of the former functions. Parsons identified two remaining functions within the family one being primary socialisation of young which is when the parents raise the children and educate them about the norms and values for example the rights and wrongs so they are able to pass them one. For example in abusive families negative norms are passed on. However how they act in other ways depend on their school life. The other main function is the stabilisations of adult personalities which is where children turn into adults and are forced to ‘grow up’ and get a job and buy a house etc. they are made to take things more seriously in the world so they are able to achieve a sense of belonging on their own and actually have a purpose. Overall Parson’s view of the family is centred around the middle and upper classes and focuses on the male’s purpose and ignores the female perspective. This suggests that parsons believes women are happy to be housewives and don’t aspire to be anything else but loyal to their husbands. A few positive functions of the family is that they are much more financially stable as the husband and father have a stable job and are able to earn enough money to support the whole family. The nuclear family also results in a much closer relationship between family members as they are with each other daily and so relationships are created. For example siblings are taught to share with each other and so form a bond of trust with each other. Children in the family are more likely to stay on a positive path if they are in a nuclear family as disruption could cause difficulties with school life and social life. Married parents are seen to be very good role models when they are part of a nuclear family. However a disadvantage of the nuclear family is that functionalist advertises it so it seems to be very isolated and private and therefore they are seen to have a poor social life because they keep to themselves and don’t concern themselves with wider groups of people. The family becomes attached to home leisure with TV the internet and games resulting in them becoming more home-centred. The family makes little contact with neighbours and is very self-contained. The family as a result of being private becomes reliant on support from the welfare state. Alternatively functionalists are said to idealise the family life too much. Therefore ignore the rising divorce rates. They refuse to acknowledge the negatives about the changing family life, and the growing family diversity. Another view would be those functionalists don’t take in account the abuse that can occur within any families. That is a reason as to why the modern family is changing, it’s due to the fact that the laws against domestic violence have become much stricter. This leads to the feminists who argued against this nuclear family as it portrayed women in a way that was very sexist. Ronald Fletcher a British sociologist who agreed with the functionalist’s perspective but argued that modern societies are changing and that there is an increase in modern functions in the family such as regulating sexual behaviour and the increase in parental involvement in their education. Other includes the being responsible in the rearing of children and caring for dependent people whether young or old. All these factors contribute to the changing family life and their morals. More and more people are starting to argue like Fletcher that the nuclear family is the dominant family structure but that its modifying over time for example mothers are now getting jobs as well as husbands so they both support the house hold and aren’t dependent on just one person for the whole family. Charles Murray a social scientist says ‘the traditional family life is under threat’. His main concern was with the welfare benefits that single women were being given. He thought that it was too easy for them to leave the nuclear family and live alone and just depend on benefits. Murray also argues that being or living with a single parent on benefits is giving the wrong role models to children as they are able to see that they can live alone and live off benefits so don’t strive to achieve any goals. There are fewer father figures to show discipline as the mother could lose control so the children go down a path of drug dealing vandalism and crime which gives a very positive look on the new right approach. Halsey and Dennis who agrees with what Murray argues saying that single parenthood and absent fathers is one of the key issues with the decrease in nuclear family lives. Due to the lack of jobs and rise in unemployment men are starting to struggle to maintain their title of bread winners and the industries are changing from heavy workloads so women are more likely to find a job in modern times. As a result men may be reject by the women as they can’t financially depend on them so would rather be given benefits than struggle to keep a roof over them and their children’s heads. Halsey debates that being in a one parent family with the factors of unemployment and poverty being high could inevitably lead to crime and vandalism by the younger members of the family. Against a nuclear family with a stable income and stable household would again lead to any crimes and vandalism by the offspring in the family. Abbott and Wallace’s critically judge the new right about how women are being exploited in the families and how a lot of frustration and unhappiness is able to be experienced by living in this environment. The new right also disagrees to acknowledge the violence that can be cause in a nuclear family life and the abuse a family can actually suffer from being forced to stay and live with them as it isn’t socially acceptable to be a one parent family. Some of the ideas that Abbott and Wallace criticised are that the new right are opposed to having an easy availability to a divorce; this again goes against women having the right to leave a violent family life and actually possibly saving theirs and their children’s lives by leaving. Again the new right disagrees with abortions as they say the foetuses have a right to life but Abbott and Wallace criticise this because bringing a baby into the world is a big thing and some people are unable to care for the baby correctly. The new right makes men have a very stressful life as they have a whole family dependent on them as a role model of a breadwinner and the same with women being role models for the girls and showing how much work goes into being involved in a family. Abbott and Wallace favour letting people take control of their own lives by living alone or being involved in a homosexual relationship or even women being the breadwinners while men are in charge of the household and children. Some of the traditional family values that the new right followers agree on bringing back involve that a woman’s place is in the home and shouldn’t be working as a bread winner as that’s the mans job as head of the household. This is associated with gender patriarchy as women are treated completely different to the way men are, and so it’s seen as unfair and sexist in the modern day. Gender patriarchy would be one of the main factors that feminists would argue about as they say women are oppressed by the nuclear family and its rules and values. Different feminist groups argue about different factors, liberal feminist argue about sex discrimination and want changes in the law to be made. However radical feminists argue against men patriarchy, where men are seen to have more power for example women are considered to be responsible for raising the children and choosing and cooking the food and keeping the home as welcoming as possible. Traditionally a man would never be seen do to the cooking or cleaning as it was seen as a wife’s job but in modern times it’s a much more equal task. There are however some positive aspects as to why many people agree with the new rights theory as Brigitte Berger, who defends the nuclear family by saying it’s a very positive feature of modern societies as it helps the youth of the world understand decency, common sense, politeness and respect for others. These values and morals will help make a better life for the person as common decency is seen as a norm and many people agree that in a single parent family the mother might find it s a struggle to teach the children all of that on her own due to the lack of help from the father figure.

Critical thinking paper(All forms of government welfare should be Essay

Critical thinking paper(All forms of government welfare should be abolished.) - Essay Example It is a common phenomenon in America that any kind of government welfare is under abuse. Evidently, a report on the Washington post dated 26th may 2011 asserts that 67% of the people under a welfare program are not genuine. The current fortifications do not seem to curb this ill practice at all. It is a worry that women are proceeding to bear babies outside of wedlock so as to increase the quantity of revenue they obtain from the government checks. A total of $7000 annually is too much to part with especially if the income is not directed to the well-being of the baby. Furthermore, it is an avoidable situation since the likelihood of a woman having the baby clearly knowing that no welfare check will be given to her is very low. The effect of people receiving welfare checks further disorients them in searching a job. There is an internal persuasion not to do anything more provided one is able to acquire a steady income through manipulation of government welfare programs. While most of the welfare programs aim at helping for a short time especially during difficult times, they are increasingly becoming a shoulder to lean on for the many. It is clearly not helping at all in economic development since majority of the people; particularly those without a job are reluctant to find one. (Ginsberg, 1994) Out of forty people under a welfare program that provides benefits for the unemployed, 32 are unenthusiastic to find a job provided a steady flow of money continues to flow. Welfare programs for the unemployed majorly serve to reduce motivation to look for a job while also putting a burden to the people who toil hard. Tyler (1955) asserts that a program that fails to motivate people to look for alternatives such a s employment cannot stop people from relying on it. Any argument suggesting that neediness is the root cause of institution of some of this

Aviation safety and human factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aviation safety and human factors - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the aviation industry is one of the most important industries in today’s times. Aviation safety is the responsibility of not just one person or one group it encompasses everyone from the manufacturers to the pilots and even to fliers. Therefore, one might say that one of the major factors controlling safety in the sky is human factors. Research has shown that 50% of all aviation mishaps are caused by human factors. One of the most important human factors in aviation is that of decision making and communication. One of the most important controllers of safety is the pilot. Even minor mistakes such missing a problem indication, misreading signs or making judgmental errors made by the pilot could lead to crashes and accidents. Improper decision making on the part of the pilots could be because of improper sleep, lack of concentration and fatigue.   According to a study in China lack of proper aviation safety training in Chinese p ilots was a major cause of aviation accidents that took place between 1999-2002. This lead to crashes owing to reasons such as overrunning, engine strike, ground object impact and mountain collision, all of which were caused by human factors. NASA Aviation Safety reporting system reported that between 1976 and 1983 35000 aviation accidents were caused by conflicts among aircrafts. This primarily happens through human factors such as failure to control traffic in the skies and failure to send signals to the pilots in time.

Assessing Reading and Language Instruction Research Paper

Assessing Reading and Language Instruction - Research Paper Example The children will continue to read pictures and to improve their basic comprehension skills. First Grade Observation In my observation of the first grade classroom the students’ desks were setup in groups of six. The teachers’ desk was placed by the classroom door. The room was decorated with many posters and projects that the children had completed. The room had many bulletin boards that were used for classroom jobs and notes that the students could look at like the lunch menu and any important classroom events that they can pass on to their parents. Some bulletin boards were to show off their art work in the other areas of the curriculum. There was an independent reading area, a game area, a listening area for stories and music, an art area and a writing area. There was a section of the classroom that could be used to practice the skills with the other students and/or the teacher. The area for direct reading instruction was in the front of the room but to the left whe re there were many charts with the necessary skills that they are going to learn on the journey to learn reading. The teacher also led shared reading experiences here along with language experience where the students could share a story they â€Å"wrote† to the class. There was also a variety of books of all classifications that they can choose and read from. . Reading Instruction and the Curriculum Used In a first grade classroom Reading is considered a subject where students will learn to use word recognition skills and learn about consonants and vowels through Phonics and the Bottom- up theory to Reading. Reading is a subject that must build on what the children already know. These children will bring what they learned at home from watching their parents reading the newspaper, writing notes and lists, reading the mail they received like they did in preschool and Kindergarten. The teacher will need to assess these children to see what the level they will be at during the sc hool year. The children will need to start to make relationships between the pictures and words and to put these ideas together to understand a story that they are reading. The children will learn that the alphabet is the beginning of words. The first grader learns that letters and their arrangement matters in the words that they are learning and reading. First graders are still emergent readers and they will want to learn how to spell and then write the words that they are learning. The first grade classroom teacher must give plenty of opportunities to read and write words. They will learn that reading and writing is their way of communication. They will learn about the concepts of print and that the print represents the spoken words, they have boundaries, and are read from left to right. (Gunning, 2005) Reading can be taught in the classroom by using direct instruction and by using learning centers that were around the classroom. They will also use learning centers for Art, Music and even Computer education. The children can practice their reading and writing using their Dolch Vocabulary List and continue to practice even more sight words. Using these words the children can read and write notes and letters and drawing pictures. Reading is for exploration. â€Å"When the parents and/or the teacher read to the children they learn and develop vocabulary, expand their experiental background and makes them aware of the language of books and introduces them to basic concepts of print