The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1145 Words

Unbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this time period, America was in a state of paranoia due to an enemy that was seemingly even more terrifying than witches: this time, America was looking for communists to burn at the stake. With heavy influences, such as Senator Joseph McCarthy weighing on him, Miller wrote about the historic Salem witch trials to create a juxtaposition to the anti-communist delirium that was consuming America in the era in which he lived. By highlighting the off-balance nature of order and personal freedoms within a society, Arthur Miller was able to communicate a timeless message, that is applicable throughout American history, and is still relevant in the twenty-first century. He emphasizes the necessary sacrifice every individual is forced to make as a means of maintaining our community, as well as the implications, both positive and negative, that come along with doing so. Whether it be in the form of Japanese-American citizens being stripped of their rights after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, theShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist al legations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to cre ate something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all those seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experiencesRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with thre e types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesplays that came from the 1950s was Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. During a time when the U.S. was worried of communism taking over, Miller released The Crucible, which helped to capture the hysteria that was occurring. The play presents itself as a metaphor for the House of Un-American Activities Committee that was created during the Cold War when communism was spreading, but Miller never actually referenced it in the play. Although Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is set in the la te 1600s, it offers

Compare and Contrast of Hector and Achilles Free Essays

Option B : Compare and contrast the characters of Hector and Achilles. I choose to compare and contrast the characters of Hector and Achilles because I am interested in their story. I think there are many theme in this story, but the central theme is the fate of men; if it is ? xed or changed by the will of men. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast of Hector and Achilles or any similar topic only for you Order Now I feel interesting that the gods decides the fate of people. And I choose this option because I feel that I can understand what the author wants to express to the readers by comparing Hector and Achilles. Therefore, I will compare the strengths and the weakness of both heroes. First of all, I will write about Hector. He was a Trojan prince and the greatest ? ghter for Troy in the Trojan War. He was born as a son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba. His father was the king of Troy. He had a wife called Andromache and the son, Astyanax. In the European Middle Ages, Hector was one of the Nine Worthies. And he was a good son, husband and father. Most of all, he loved the peace. He loved his country, his people, his family and wanted to die with honor. When he realized that Jove and his son Apollo are not with him for the protection anymore against Achilles, he says to himself â€Å" My doom has come upon me; let me not them die ingloriously and without a struggle, but let me ? rst do some great thing that shall be told among men hereafter. †. The gods decided not to protect him. That was the reason why Hector lost, but he wanted to ? ght against the strong Achilles. Therefore, I think Hector was the true soldier. I want to write about Achilles now. He was a hero and greatest warrior for Greek in the Trojan War. He was the son of the goddess Thetis and Peleus, the king of the Myrmidons. Achilles was a mortal person even though he was the son of a goddess. And he had the great pride that he was the strongest soldier, and he did not want to be under anybody. When the Agamemnon dishonored him, Achilles asked his goddess mother to go to Jove, then to ask Jove to help Troy, so that Agamemnon would be in trouble. Therefore, Achilles did not think about his country and his people. He only think about himself. So I think Achilles is not the person to be the king. Now I want to compare and contrast their strength and the weakness. First, I want to write about Hector’s strength. He was brave and courageous. He was the man who thought about his family, loved his family and thought his country and people. He wanted to die with honor. He went to Paris because he did not stand to hear bad things about Paris and said, â€Å"you ? ght bravely, and no man with any justice can make light of your doings in battle. But you are careless and willfully remiss. It grieves me to the heart to hear the ill that the Trojans speak about you, for they have suffered much on your account. Let us be going, and we will make things right hereafter, should Jove vouchsafe us to set the cup of our deliverance before ever-living gods of heaven in our own homes, when we have chased the Achaeans from Troy. † From this conversation, you can see that Hector thinks about his brother, thinks about the people of Troy, and is willing to push his brother to ? ght with honor. When he fought with Achilles, Hector escaped to ? ght him ? rst because he was afraid of Achilles. However, when he realized that the gods were not with him to ? ht Achilles, he decided to ? ght with honor until he died. Therefore, I think one of his strength is his brave heart. But Paris did not have the brave heart. Next, I want to write about Achilles’s strength. I think Achilles did not have many strength. I think the physical power from his goddess mother was the only strength he had. Even the king Agamemnon feared his strength. Hector was the greatest soldier in Troy, but even that greatest sol dier run away from Achilles when Hector was standing in front of the gate of Troy. It says â€Å" Fear fell upon Hector as he beheld him, and he dared not stay longer where he was but ? ed in dismay from before the gates, which Achilles darted after him at his utmost speed. †. Then when Hector ? nally decided to ? ght with Achilles, Achilles killed him easily. Therefore, I think Achilles was the strongest worrier on earth. Next, I want to write about Hector’s weakness. I could not ? nd many weakness of Hector, however, the only weakness I could ? nd was that Hector did not know how strong he was. He thought that he could ? ht with Achilles, but when he met Achilles, he run away. He run away because he ? nally realized that he was not as strong as Achilles when he met the enemy at the gate. I think it is too late for him to realized that. Because of this weakness, he died. Therefore, Hector did not have many weakness, but the only weakness he had destroyed him. Next is the weakness of Achilles. I think Achilles had many weakness even though he was the greatest warrior on earth. I think Achilles was strong physically, but he was weak mentally. When Agamemnon took Briseis from Achilles, Achilles went to the sea and prayed to his mother such as, â€Å" Mother, you bore me doomed to live but for a little season; surely Jove, who thunders from Olympus, might have made that little glorious. It is not so. Agamemnon, son of Atreus, has done me dishonor, and has robbed me of my prize by force. †. He cried when he was saying it. This was not like the greatest warrior, but rather a small child’s doing. He liked to ? ght and liked to kill people. He was very good at killing people, but he did not have any respect to his king, his country and his people. When he killed Hector, he did something very dishonorable. Achilles treated the body of Hector with contumely. He pierced the sinews at the back of both his feet from heel to ancle and passed thongs of ox-hide through the slits he had made. He made the body fast to his chariot, letting the head trail upon the ground. Then Achilles lashed his horse on, and the dust rose from Hector as he was being dragged along. Thus was the head of Hector being dishonored in the dust. This is not something what the greatest warrior does. Again Achilles became so emotional that he acted like a child. Therefore, I think that Achilles is not a person to be a great king. If he becomes to be a king, his country and people will be destroyed. I do not want to live in his country. I think he has the extreme character. He was a supermen physically, but he was a little kid mentally. As the conclusion of the comparison between Hector and Achilles, Hector is more heroic than Achilles. I think that the hero is a person who think of his country and his people. After comparing the characters of Hector and Achilles, the person who thinks of his country and his people is Hector. Hector always thinks about his country, his people and his family. He loves his father, his mother, his brothers, his wife and his child. When Hector died, Paris’s wife, Helen, cried and said, â€Å" I have never heard one word of insult or unkindness from you. †. Helen was the person who was the cause of this war. I think it is dif? cult to be kind to Helen, but Hector was nice to her. That means Hector’s heart was so deep. And I think Hector will be the greatest king. I love to live in his country. How to cite Compare and Contrast of Hector and Achilles, Papers

Holocaust (2413 words) Essay Example For Students

Holocaust (2413 words) Essay HolocaustWhat is Holocaust Denial and Why Does it Exhist? What is Holocaust denial andwhy does it exhist? This is far from being a simple question, as itneccessitates a background knowledge of what the holocaust really was and whythere would be efforts to deny that it ever happened. In my paper, I hope toexplain some of the horrific aspects of the holocaust and provide ample factsfor proof that this terrible ordeal happened, then attempt to understand whyholocaust denial came about in the first place. Attempting to prove that theholocaust never happened seems virtually impossible given the known exhistanceof concentration camps in Auschwitz, Belzec, Bergen-Belsen, Dachau, andWesterbork, to name a few. In Martin Gilberts Holocaust Journey, aprofessor and a group of students visit many of these former concentrationcamps. In order to prove that the holocaust really did happen, first one mustunderstand why and how the holocaust came about. It is important to note thatthe roots of the hol ocaust began years before the holocaust actually took place. One possible theory as to why there was anti-semitism against the Jews is thescapegoat theory of prejudice. Because of the social and economical depressionsfacing Germany at the time, the people of the country were very susceptible to apowerful leader who promised to make them the superior race and who providedthem with a scapegoat as to why there is situation was so dismal. By paintingthe Jews as a penny-pinching, money-taking, elitist class that was causing allof Germanys problems of the day, the people were easily led to believe thatthe Jews were the reason that they faced hunger, poverty and a poor economy. Oneweb site that I visited that had a chronological order of events that led to theholocaust was Holocaust and Genocide Studies at http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/chronology.html. Some of the events that led to the holocaust that can be related to thescapegoat theory were the collapse of the Germany economy due to hyper-inflationand Hitlers drafting of his anti-semetic views in Mein Keimf while he wasimprisoned in 1923 and the collapse of the Great Coalition in German governmentin 1929. The collapse of the economy and the government were linked to the Jewsbecause they were a convenient group to blame. The scapegoat theory fitsperfectly into the scenario of the holocaust and it is because of it that onecan understand why the common people supported the holocaust whether directly orindirectly. The support of the common people is absolutely essential to causedestrucution of this magnitude, and in order to obtain their support, a powerfulleader, such as Adolph Hitler must prove to them why the Jews are the cause ofall their problems. Through the use of propoganda and powerful speeches, Hitlerwas able to prove his point to the masses. In a time of extreme weakness inGermany, he was able to grab these helpless individuals and make them believethat the Jews were and inferior race and that only through their destrcutioncould the Germans once again become a powerful and great people. Now that wehave established a sound theory as to why the holocaust occured, it is now timeto provide evidence that it happened. For instance, there are a wealth ofpictures available that were taken at concentration camps that show the terribleconditions in which the Jews were forced to live and the horrific images of deadbodies piled up on top of one another like so many dead animals. There arepictures of the gas chambers, the mass graves, the human ovens. I was able toview a great many of these pictures at the web site The Holocaust Projectat http://www.holocaust-history.org/hungarian-photos/. Among these photos werepictures of tight living areas, forced labor upon the prisoners, and multuplepictures of Jewish victims of the holocaust whether in concentration camps or inthere place of living. Among the more chilling pictures from the holocaust werethe victims of scientific testing done on these poor individuals and the massgraves that the Jews were dumped into following their deaths at theconcentration camps. Other pieces of evidenc that prove the holocaustsexhistance and severity are the first-hand accounts delivered by individuals whosurvived the holocaust or people who witnessed it. One website that contains alink to the stories of holocaust survivors is About.com which can bereached at http://holocaust.about.com/education/holocaust/. Here is a breifexert of one of the first-hand accounts taken from the site: In March, orApril, 1944, we got the dreaded notice that we had been selected forre-settlement further East. The train cars they took us in were actually cattlecarsthere was not much room between us and the roofthe SS troops were onthe roofs of the cattle cars shooting past the windows to discourage people fromsticking their heads out. The story goes on to tell of how they werestipped of all valuables and property by the Nazis and about the conditions inwhich they were forced to live. This survivor also describes daily life at thecamps and portrays the grotesque images of the dead being piled up likecordwood, naked, and without dignity. He also speaks of the massgassings and mass graves that holocaust deniers attempt to prove did not exhist. How Can We Help the Homeless and Should We?: Searc EssayHere is a god example of the goal of holocaust deniers and what they believe in. This qoute was taken from The Student Revisionist Resource Site at http://www.wsu.edu/~lpauling/:Revisionists are, in fact, Holocaust DIMINISHERS, not deniers. They arequestioners about what they believe are significant exaggerations in theHolocaust tale, and they are critics of the view that somehow this historicalevent is beyond discussion on pain of being placed in the category ofchild-molester or worse, shunned by society, even fined and imprisoned by someso-called free countries in the western world. It goes on to say thatRevisionists do not deny that there were wrongs done to the Jews such as thewrongful stealing of property, brutality and many deaths due to disease in poorconditions, yet they look to diminish the terrible things that happened to theJews by pointing to other horrible aspects of World War II. They believe thatwhat happened to the Jews was just ONE of the terrible things that happened inthe war, and far from the worst. Here is a paragraph taken from the page that belittles what the Jews went through: One needs merely mention Hiroshima,Nagasaki, the deadly carpet bombing of German and Japanese working class livingareas, the Soviet of Germany in their 1945 advance, the treatment of Germancivilians and German POWs after the war. One could go on almost ad infinitum inthis recitation of atrocities. Fifty million some say sixty million died asa result of the war. Was there more criminal behavior on one side than theother? By denying the mass killings of Jews and claiming they were victims ofpoor conditions at the concentration camps which came from a lack of materialsdue to the war costs, which in turn led to disease, holocaust deniers attempt tobelittle the terrible things that were done to the Jews by Nazi Germany beforeand after the war. They do however, take blame for persecuting and robbing theJews of their possessions, and in addmitting so much, they may come off as beinga group that is speaking the truth. Now that we have established what holocaustdenial, or revisionism is, we may now examine why holocaust denial cameabout in the first place. Well, one reason may be that due to the lack ofphysical evidence, it is easy for them to flat out deny that it happened. Butwhat are the gains from denying the holocaust? Denying the holocaust everhappened is a terrible injustice to the not only the millions who suffered andperished in the concentration camps, but the people close to them who sufferedalong with them. It is considered by many to be a new form of anti-semitism andone can only imagine the pain it causes to the families of holocaust victims andespecially the survivors. Imagine surviving this terrible ordeal and then havingsomeone belittle what happened to you, the grotesque things you witnessed, thegrim conditions, the hunger, the forced labor, the imminent threat of beingkilled alongside many others. This is why the force of holocaust denial is sostrong in terms of anti-semitism, and that is often the goal of hate -orientatedgroups, to find the best way to hurt a group of people. There are also otherbenefits of white supremacists in denying the holocaust. First and foremost, itis easier to gain support for their cause if they dont come off as the animalsthat they are made out to be. Being associated with what happened during theholocaust can turn away many potential followers who hate, but do notneccessarily condone violence and killings. Another paragraph taken from theStudent Revisionist Resource Site is yet another example of belittle the Nazitreatment of the Jews. It is as follows: Contrary to Holocaust Mythologythere was no attempt by Nazis, or anyone else, to exterminate the Jews. Therewas an attempt, largely successful in the areas controlled by the Axis, to expelthe Jews from Europe. In the context of the 1990s it was a terribleundertaking. In adifferent context, the context of European history over thelast two millennia, the expulsion of the Jews from this region or that regionwas no t uncommon. Historically there seems to be something about the Jews thatbrings forth a plenitude of animosity on the part of people amongst whom theylive. By painting the Nazis as just another group trying to remove the Jewsfrom Europe, Revisionists can claim there is something about the Jews that makesthem undesirable and there is a reason that people dont want them around. Thishas another along with diminishing the crimes the nazis committed, it feeds intothe hatered of Jews as well and makes it seem that this type of hatred has ajust cause. Its as if they are saying that if everybody else hates the Jews,what is so wrong with us hating them as well?

International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity Essay Example

International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity Paper An analysis of the legal sources of intergenerational equity should begin within the broader framework of international environmental law principles. Although the notion of intergenerational justice and the related principle of intergenerational equity are not concerned exclusively with environmental issues, the promotion of intergenerational equity does require, at a fundamental level, the appropriate management of natural resources and concern more broadly for the environment. From an empirical perspective, those legal instruments (both international and domestic) that make reference to a concept of intergenerational equity (or something similar) are largely concerned with environmental issues. The concept of intergenerational equity at international law forms part of the principle of sustainable development. The concept’s central function is one of increasing time-horizons of development decision-making in order to take into account the interests of future generations. In d oing so, it provides the essential temporal dimension to the principle of sustainable development. International environmental law is characterised by a number of rules and principles that aim to safeguard the protection of the environment. These include the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle, and the principle of sustainable development, which are by comparison reasonably well-established. These, and other rules and principles of international environmental law, receive differing levels of acceptance by states. The status of some rules and principles of international environmental law remains controversial, and development of this area of law is ongoing. As the most significant, widely accepted statement of states’ rights and obligations with respect to the environment, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (‘the Rio Declaration’), adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, provides a starting point for the elucidation of international environmental law principles. While the Declaration itself is not enforceable, it does have some value: it provides evidence of what states’ stated beliefs are with respect to what the law is or what it should be. Most relevantly here, it gives some insight into the way that states regard future generations with respect to development. We will write a custom essay sample on International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Legal Sources of Intergenerational Equity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Rio Declaration notes (in Principle 3) that there is a right to development, and that this right ‘should be fulfilled so as to meet equitably the developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.’ A number of scholars have pointed to this as an explicit reference to the notion (if not the phrasing) of intergenerational equity. Most of the Rio Declaration is concerned with the various contemporaneous balancing processes that must occur in order for sustainable development to succeed. In invoking the interests of future generations, the concept of intergenerational equity provides a temporal dimension to the other statements made in the Rio Declaration. Principle 3 of the Rio Declaration links the notions of sustainable development and intergenerational equity; as we shall see below, the association of the two appears to have influenced domestic legislation with respect to intergenerational equity in Australia. In addition to the Rio Declaration, references to equity between generations have appeared elsewhere in international legal instruments. Indeed, environmental responsibility toward future generations is mentioned as early as the 1972 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, in Principles 1 and 2. Both the 1993 Vienna Declaration on Human Rights and the 1992 Convention on Climate Change (article 3(1)) make reference to the needs of future generations. As is the case with the Rio Declaration, while these international declarations ‘indicate the importance now attached in international policy to the protection of the environment for future generations’, they are not enforceable. Their legal value is limited to their ability to demonstrate states’ understanding of and aspirations for the law with respect to development. Along these lines, Catherine Redgwell argues that ‘while intergenerational equity has not yet achieved the status of a binding rule (or perhaps more accurately, set of rules) under international law, a process of â€Å"creeping intergenerationalisation† may be observed’ within international law. According to Redgwell, an increasing focus on intergenerational issues is entering international law in two ways. First, many preambles to international treaties make reference to future generations. While such references are not in themselves legally binding, judges are able to use them in the interpretation and application of substantive treaty provisions. Second, elsewhere in international environmental law there are substantive principles which contain an intertemporal dimension. In addition to the principle of sustainable development, Redgwell argues that intergeneralisation may be seen within the common heritage of humankind principle, the principle of custodianship or stewardship, the precautionary principle and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. It is worth noting that the not all of these references to the concept of intergenerational equity are completely consistent; this could affect how the concept comes to be applied. The concept of intergenerational equity under international law has not been fully tested in court. Philippe Sands notes that something resembling a principle of intergenerational equity has been known to international law since at least 1893 when the US relied on a related argument in the Pacific Fur Seals Arbitration. However, the practical applicability of the notion of intergenerational equity in international case law appears to be limited. Its most important application may be in assisting members of the current generation to assert rights with respect to the environment. Indeed, the case most often cited as giving effect to the principle of intergenerational equity under international law, Minors Oposa v Factoran, is largely an expression of current generations’ rights under the Constitution of the Philippines. Domestic Legislation Referring to Intergenerational Equity A survey of national legislation throughout the common law world shows that the concept of intergenerational equity has gained little legislative traction in most jurisdictions. A complete analysis of the various domestic legislative instruments referring to the principle is beyond the scope of this thesis. However, it can be said that of all common law jurisdictions, Australian legislation refers most widely to the concept of intergenerational equity. Indeed, it goes further, by describing the concept as a ‘principle’ – one of the ‘principles of ecologically sustainable development’ that have been introduced in Australian states and territories. In Australia, the Rio Declaration, along with the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment, an agreement between the Commonwealth, States and Territories of Australia and the Australian Local Government Association, and the National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development created the impetus for Australian legislation on sustainable development. The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment provides a number of principles of ecologically sustainable development that ‘should inform policy making and program implementation’ in order to promote an ecologically sustainable approach to development. These include (at section 3.5.2) the principle of intergenerational equity, which is stated as follows: the present generation should ensure that the health, diversity and productivity of the environment is maintained or enhanced for the benefit of future generations. The principle is appears (with this same definition) in various state and territory legislation (in the Australian Capital Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, Northern Territory, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia) and in commonwealth legislation. Similarly, the National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, created as a result of the Intergovernmental Agreement, sets the broad strategic and policy framework for cooperative action on ecologically sustainable development (ESD) by Australian governments. The National Strategy does not create legally binding rules for governments, but it does set out a strategy for implementing the mutually agreed upon goals of the Intergovernmental Agreement. The National Strategy’s ‘goal’ is ‘[d]evelopment that improves the total quality of life, both now and in the future, in a way that maintains the ecological processes on which life depends’. The ‘Core Objectives’ of the strategy include aims ‘to enhance individual and community well-being and welfare by following a path of economic development that safeguards the welfare of future generations’ and ‘to provide for equity within and between generations’. The abundant presence of the principle of intergenerational equity within Australian legislation is not matched by depth in its description. As in relevant international legal instruments, the principle is described in the vague terms. While the principle as it appears in Australian legislation requires the present generation to ‘ensure that the health, diversity and productivity of the environment is maintained or enhanced for the benefit of future generations’, there is no indication as to how this should occur. For example, who within the present generation is responsible for future generations? Which aspects of health, diversity and productivity of the environment should be prioritised? What processes should be put into place in order to ensure that this occurs? And how should the interests of future generations be balanced against those of the current generations? These uncertainties have significant implications for the content of the principle. In effect, it means, in the absence of further legislation, that how the principle is applied in a particular setting remains largely up to judges. To summarise, a number of international law provisions, both preambular and substantive, make reference to future generations and their equitable treatment. To this extent, they indicate that some states support a notion of intergenerational equity. The Australian legislative provisions go further, often explicitly stating that ecologically sustainable development requires the principle of intergenerational equity to be taken into account. Neither the international nor the domestic provisions, however, elaborate on how effect is to be given to their aims. As intergenerational equity remains a nascent concept at law, it may not be possible at this stage to overcome all of the ambiguity with which the term is imbued. Nonetheless, if any progress is to be made at solidifying the legal meaning of intergenerational equity, it is essential to understand as much as possible about the substantive content of the concept. In the legal context, the substantive nature of the term must be gleaned from case law. Case Law on Intergenerational Equity While the principle of intergenerational equity appears frequently within Australian legislation, the legislation is silent on how effect should be given to the principle. This has the effect of giving judges a great deal of responsibility over the evolution of the principle. In this vein the Chief Justice of the New South Wales Land and Environment Court (NSWLEC), Preston CJ, writing in an academic context about the concept of sustainable development more generally, states that international, national, provincial and local law and policy-making bodies may have been reticent in explicating their meaning, circumstances of application and the precise details of the means of implementation. The judiciary, particularly at a national level, is therefore faced with the task of explicating the law of sustainable development, case by case. Incrementally a body of environmental jurisprudence will emerge. Similarly, Biscoe J notes in Walker that ‘ESD and its supporting principles are concepts which the legislature has left the courts to flesh out’. A number of Australian decisions make reference to the principle of intergenerational equity. Generally, the principle is merely mentioned in passing. There are, however, a number of cases that discuss the principle with some degree of detail. The cases in which the principle has been examined in the most detailed fashion include the recent decisions of Gray v Minister for Planning, Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning, and Walker v Minister for Planning, all heard by NSWLEC. Each of these cases centres upon disputes over administrative planning decisions. These cases provide the beginnings of jurisprudence on intergenerational equity. Gray v Minister for Planning Gray v Minister for Planning concerned the decision of the Director-General of the Department of Planning to grant permission to Centennial Hunter Pty Ltd (Centennial) to commence development of a coalmine at Anvil Hill in New South Wales in 2006. In Gray, the Applicant, an environmental activist, argued amongst other things that the Director-General had failed to take into account principles of ESD, including the principle of intergenerational equity, in his decision to accept Centennial’s environmental impact assessment for public display. The presiding judge, Pain J, found that the Director-General had failed to take ESD principles into account in his decision to accept Centennial’s environmental impact assessment, and declared that the decision was void. Noting that ‘intergenerational equity has received relatively little judicial consideration in this Court in the context of the requirements for environmental assessment under the EPA Act,’ Pain J drew upon an academic article written by Justice Brian Preston (which was itself influenced by the writings of Brown Weiss) in order to elucidate the principle of intergenerational equity. Her Honour stated that Preston’s article pointed to ‘three fundamental principles underpinning the principle of intergenerational equity’: The conservation of options principle which requires each generation to conserve the natural and cultural diversity in order to ensure that development options are available to future generations; The conservation of quality principle that each generation must maintain the quality of the earth so that it is passed on in no worse condition than it was received; The conservation of access principle which is that each generation should have a reasonable and equitable right of access to the natural and cultural resources of the earth.’ In doing so, Pain J anchored the beginnings of Australian jurisprudence on the principle firmly within the model set out by Brown Weiss. While the conservation of options, quality and access principles outlined by Brown Weiss provide high-level conceptual guidance to the understanding of intergenerational equity, they do not dictate what practical actions are required in specific cases. However, following this articulation of the principle, Pain J went on to describe her view of what this might mean in practice, stating in particular two things. First, she argued that the principle required, in the context of environmental impact statements, ‘the assessment of cumulative impacts of proposed activities on the environment.’ Second, she held that simply raising a point of impact in the environmental impact assessment was insufficient to discharge the decision-maker’s onus in considering the impact; it had to be considered in an appropriately detailed manner: simply raising an issue such as climate change/global warming is unlikely to satisfy a requirement that intergenerational equity or the precautionary principle has been considered in the absence of any analysis of the impact of activities which potentially contribute in the NSW context in a substantial way to climate change/global warming. Pain J concluded that the environmental impact assessment for the Anvil Hill coal mine should include estimations of greenhouse gas emissions from not only the construction of the coal mine but also from the end-uses of the coal to be mined there. As a result, Gray has received some academic interest as an example of a potentially far-reaching climate change law case. However, the specific factual outcome of the case cannot be extrapolated as a requirement of intergenerational equity more broadly. Instead, the judgment in Gray suggests two requirements of the principle of intergenerational equity in the context of environmental impact assessment: an assessment of cumulative impact, and an appropriately detailed analysis of relevant considerations. Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning was a 2007 case involving a dispute between a group of rural residents and a wind energy company over the company’s development proposal for a wind farm that would be visible from the residents’ properties. The case required the balancing of local interests (the appearance, noise and impact upon local flora and fauna of the wind farm, considered unacceptable by local residents) with wider interests (the advantages to the community at large of provision of wind energy, a low carbon-emitting energy). The presiding judge, Preston CJ, found that the interests of the broader population in having a clean energy source at the site outweighed those of the local residents: Resolving this conundrum – the conflict between the geographically narrower concerns of the [residents] and the broader public good of increasing the supply of renewable energy – has not been easy. However, I have concluded that, on balance, the broader public good must prevail. Most relevantly to this Chapter, Preston CJ drew upon the concept of intergenerational equity, arguing that in the context of energy production, intergenerational equity requires two things: first, sustainable extraction and use, with respect to both the resource and the environment surrounding the resource; and second, the increasing substitution of cleaner energy sources for existing, dirtier ones. His Honour stated that ‘the attainment of intergenerational equity in the production of energy involves meeting at least two requirements’: ‘[M]ining of and subsequent use in the production of energy of finite, fossil fuel resources need to be sustainable. Sustainability refers not only to the exploitation and use of the resource (including rational and prudent use and the elimination of waste) but also to the environment in which the exploitation and use takes place and which may be affected. The objective is not only to extend the life of the finite resources and the benefits yielded by exploitation and use of the resources to future generations, but also to maintain the environment, including the ecological processes on which life depends, for the benefit of future generations’; and ‘[A]s far as is practicable, to increasingly substitute energy sources that result in less greenhouse gas emissions for energy sources that result in more greenhouse gas emissions, thereby reducing the cumulative and long-term effects caused by anthropogenic climate change. In this way, the present generation reduces the adverse consequences for future generations.’ Taralga applies the principle of intergenerational equity to the concrete context of energy production. In this context, the Court found that the principle not only demands that the process of production and use of energy occur in a manner which accounts for the requirements of future generations, but also requires new types of clean energy production to be substituted increasingly for old, emissions-intensive methods. The extent to which the outcomes of this element of the case can be generalised for future cases is likely to be limited – it seems fanciful to expect that Taralga on its own will present any real challenge to the construction of, for example, new coal-fired power plants. It is doubtful that it would have precedential value in this respect.603 Nonetheless, Preston CJ’s focus in this case on the long-term interests both of the environment and future generations in the context of energy production is remarkable. More generally, and indeed more importantly, Taralga involved a situation in which narrow, immediate interests (those of the local residents) were in conflict with broader, long-term interests (those of the wider community over a long timeframe). This case demonstrates that the Australian principle of intergenerational equity (in this case in combination with other principles of ESD) has the potential to protect the interests of members of future generations, when they conflict with the interests of members of the current generation. Walker v Minister for Planning The case of Walker v Minister for Planning (‘Walker’) concerned a concept plan for a development proposal for a retirement village on a coastal plain in New South Wales. The Applicant challenged the NSW Minister for Planning’s decision to approve the concept plan, arguing that the approval was invalid because the Minister had failed, amongst other things, to take into account the principles of ESD. At first instance, in the NSWLEC, Biscoe J found that the Minister was ‘under an obligation to consider the public interest, including ESD, when making decisions’ under the relevant NSW planning legislation. However, on appeal, the Court of Appeal overturned Biscoe J’s ruling, finding instead that while the public interest is a mandatory consideration for the Minister under the relevant planning legislation, the specific consideration of ESD principles is not. Instead, the Court of Appeal found that consideration of ESD principles is relevant to demo nstrating that due regard has been given to the public interest in decision-making: ‘the â€Å"mandatory† requirement that the Minister have regard to the public interest does not of itself make it mandatory †¦ that the Minster have regard to any particular aspect of the public interest, such as one or more of the principles of ESD. Whether or not it is mandatory to have regard to one or more principles of ESD must depend on statutory construction.’ Nonetheless, the Supreme Court of New South Wales stressed the importance to the public interest of the consideration of ESD principles in this context.608 Following that judgement, Jill Walker applied for leave to appeal to the High Court, but the application was refused. Despite the ultimate lack of success by the Applicant, the original NSWLEC decision has helped to advance judicial construction of the principle of intergenerational equity. Biscoe J conducted an extensive review of cases dealing with the principle of intergenerational equity. In addition to rehearsing the judges’ treatment of intergenerational equity in Gray, Taralga, and several other cases, Biscoe J commented that the principle of intergenerational equity ‘has endured as the fundamental principle of ESD. Next Page   Implications Previous Page   V. Nascent Jurisprudence on Intergenerational Equity

Understanding Experimental Groups

Understanding Experimental Groups Scientific experiments often include two groups: the experimental group and the control group. Heres a closer look at the experimental group and how to distinguish it from the experimental group. Key Takeaways: Experimental Group The experimental group is the set of subjects exposed to a change in the independent variable. While its technically possible to have a single subject for an experimental group, the statistical validity of the experiment will be vastly improved by increasing the sample size.In contrast, the control group is identical in every way to the experimental group, except the independent variable is held constant. Its best to have a large sample size for the control group, too.Its possible for an experiment to contain more than one experimental group. However, in the cleanest experiments, only one variable is changed. Experimental Group Definition An experimental group in a scientific experiment is the group on which the experimental procedure is performed. The independent variable is changed for the group and the response or change in the dependent variable is recorded. In contrast, the group that does not receive the treatment or in which the independent variable is held constant is called the control group. The purpose of having experimental and control groups is to have sufficient data to be reasonably sure the relationship between the independent and dependent variable is not due to chance. If you perform an experiment on only one subject (with and without treatment) or on one experimental subject and one control subject you have limited confidence in the outcome. The larger the sample size, the more probable the results represent a real correlation. Example of an Experimental Group You may be asked to identify the experimental group in an experiment as well as the control group. Heres an example of an experiment and how to tell these two key groups apart. Lets say you want to see whether a nutritional supplement helps people lose weight. You want to design an experiment to test the effect. A poor experiment would be to take a supplement and see whether or not you lose weight. Why is it bad? You only have one data point! If you lose weight, it could be due to some other factor. A better experiment (though still pretty bad) would be to take the supplement, see if you lose weight, stop taking the supplement and see if the weight loss stops, then take it again and see if weight loss resumes. In this experiment you are the control group when you are not taking the supplement and the experimental group when you are taking it. Its a terrible experiment for a number of reasons. One problem is that the same subject is being used as both the control group and the experimental group. You dont know, when you stop taking treatment, that is doesnt have a lasting effect. A solution is to design an experiment with truly separate control and experimental groups. If you have a group of people who take the supplement and a group of people who do not, the ones exposed to the treatment (taking the supplement) are the experimental group. The ones not-taking it are the control group. How to Tell Control and Experimental Group Apart In an ideal situation, every factor that affects a member of both the control group and experimental group is exactly the same except for one the independent variable. In a basic experiment, this could be whether something is present or not. Present experimental; absent control. Sometimes, its more complicated and the control is normal and the experimental group is not normal. For example, if you want to see whether or not darkness has an effect on plant growth. Your control group might be plants grown under ordinary day/night conditions. You could have a couple of experimental groups. One set of plants might be exposed to perpetual daylight, while another might be exposed to perpetual darkness. Here, any group where the variable is changed from normal is an experimental group. Both the all-light and all-dark groups are types of experimental groups. Sources Bailey, R.A. (2008). Design of Comparative Experiments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521683579. Hinkelmann, Klaus and Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (Second ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9.

Mothers Who Kill Their Children

Mothers Who Kill Their Children The nation is always shocked by criminal cases such as Andrea Yates, a mother of five who methodically drowned her children in a bathtub then calmly called the police to report it, but mothers who kill their children is a more common crime than we might think. According to the American Anthropological Association, more than 200 women kill their children in the United States each year. Three to five children a day are killed by their parents. Homicide is one of the leading causes of death of children under age four, Yet we continue to persist with the unrealistic view that this is rare behavior, says Jill Korbin, an expert on child abuse, who has studied at length about mothers who killed their children. We should detach from the idea of universal motherhood as natural and see it as a social response, Nancy Scheper-Hughes, medical anthropologist says. Theres a collective denial even when mothers come right out and say, I really shouldnt be trusted with my kids. The three major factors that often play a role when mothers have killed their children are - postpartum psychosis, psychotic breakdowns brought on by factors such as jealousy and abandonment and domestic violence. Postpartum Depression and Postpartum Psychosis Postpartum depression is a common problem that can occur within four weeks of delivery of a baby. It can affect both mothers and fathers, although only a small percentage of fathers experience it. Common symptoms include depression, feelings of hopelessness, anxiety, fear, guilt, the inability to bond with the new baby, and a feeling of worthlessness. If left untreated, it can lead to postpartum psychosis. Postpartum psychosis is much more severe and dangerous. Symptoms include extreme insomnia, obsessive behavior, and auditory hallucinations where voices instruct the mother to commit suicide or to mutilate and/or murder her child/children. Often the mother believes such acts will save the child from a life of misery. Psychotic Breakdowns In some cases, children are murdered as a result of the mother experiencing a psychotic breakdown brought on by an intense feeling of abandonment and jealousy in cases where the father of the children has left the home. In some cases, the need to seek revenge overtakes reason. A look at the roles of women who are currently on death row, and the crimes that put them there, shows that women who kill their children are indeed not as rare as we would like to believe. Patricia Blackmon was 29 years old when she killed her 2-year-old adopted daughter in Dothan, AL in May 1999. Kenisha Berry at age 20, covered her 4-day-old son with duct tape resulting in his death. Debra Jean Milke was 25 when she killed her 4-year-old son in Arizona in 1989. Dora Luz Durenrostro killed her two daughters, age 4 and 9, and her son, age 8 when she was 34 years old in San Jacinto, California in 1994. Caro Socorro was 42 years old when she killed her three sons, ages 5, 8 and 11, in Santa Rosa Valley, California in 1999. Susan Eubanks murdered her four sons, ages 4, 6, 7 and 14, in San Marcos, California, in 1996 when she was 33. Caroline Young was 49 in Haywood, California when she killed her 4-year-old granddaughter and 6-year-old grandson. Robin Lee Row was 35 years old when she killed her husband, her 10-year-old son and her 8-year-old daughter in Boise, Idaho in 1992. Michelle Sue Tharp was 29 years old in Burgettstown, Pennsylvania when she killed her 7-year-old daughter. Frances Elaine Newton was 21 when she murdered her husband, 7-year-old son and 2-year-old daughter in Houston, Texas. Update: Frances Elaine Newton was executed on September 14, 2005. Darlie Lynn Routier was 26 in Rowlett, Texas when she was convicted of killing her 5-year-old son. Teresa Michelle Lewis killed her 51-year-old husband and 26-year-old stepson in Keeling, Virgina when she was 33 years old. Korbin said that there are usually clues that are obvious to those who are around parents who end up killing their children. Prior to a homicide, lots of lay people know these men and women are having difficulty parenting. The public has to be better educated in recognizing how to intervene and how to support child abuse prevention, she said.

Based on Book Lament for a Son by Nicholas Wolterstorff Published Coursework

Based on Book Lament for a Son by Nicholas Wolterstorff Published January 1st 1987 by William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company - Coursework Example Denial is the first stage of death, and this stage is the most crucial for an individual who has suffered a loss. Shock and denial characterize denial stage with constant moaning on why certain things happen in life (Bartel, 2012). Wolterstorff does not easily accept the death of his son and throughout his speech speaks as though Eric is still alive (Wolterstorff, 1987). Anger is the second stage of death and has crucial consequences, though critical for healing. Individuals in this stage have mixed reactions characterized by endless and painful emotions characterizing every moment (Bartel, 2012). While anger can be detrimental to an individuals sense of living, it opens up an individual to the various possibilities that effect healing. Wolterstorff constantly reflects on the life and times of his son Eric with his speech characterized by painful rhetoric (Wolterstorff, 1987). Wolterstorff breaks the norm by publicly crying for the loss of the son in classic expression of anger (Wolterstorff, 1987). Bargaining is the third stage characterized by individuals trying to find other means through which they can cover the loss (Bartel, 2012). Essentially, individuals think of various things that could have been done in a different fashion to prevent death. When told about the sons death, Wolterstorff wishes they had not taken their son for granted and supported him in his endeavours (Wolterstorff, 1987). Depression and acceptance are the fourth and fifth stages respectively (Bartel, 2012). Depression is a deep sense of grief that an individual experiences during the loss. Acceptance is the last stage of death and the individual accepts the reality of the loss. Wolterstorff accepts the loss by noting that he would one day speak to the son on the resurrection occasion (Wolterstorff, 1987). Wolterstorff (1987) finds immense joy after the loss of the son, and this is based on his Christian faith. In a complete turnaround, Wolterstorff remembers that

Any current computer technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any current computer technology - Research Paper Example fers to a new class of network-based computing involving utility computing that comprises of a collection of networked and integrated software and internet facility known a platform. The technology uses internet for transport and communication. It also provides software, hardware and networking services to clients mainly through internet. According to National Institute of Standards and Technology (2011), cloud computing is a form of computing where groups of remote servers are networked in order to enhance centralized online access to resources or computer services and data storage. Cloud computing is a computing technology that enables large network servers such as large organizations to access various technological infrastructure resources from other companies without purchasing computing infrastructure. Cloud computing exhibits a number of characteristics. Some of these characteristics exhibited by cloud computing include virtualization, advanced security, service orientation, low-cost software, massive scale, resilient computing and wide geographical distribution of computing services. Essential characteristics of cloud computing include broad network access to clients, rapid elasticity, measured services and resource pooling. According to these characteristics, cloud computing is an appropriate technology that is highly beneficial to users through enhancement of access and support of computer infrastructure. In conclusion, cloud computing has a wide range of benefits to users. First, clients or users can reduce their computer cost by using cloud computing. Organizations do not require high-powered or high-priced computers to run cloud computing web-based applications. Secondly, there is improved performance through the use of cloud computing. Improved performance arises from low usage of computers memory since there are few programs and processes loading in the computer memory. Other advantages include improved document format compatibility, reduced

Cypop 24 Essay Example for Free

Cypop 24 Essay Phonics enables children to experience regular, planned opportunities to listen and talk about what they hear, see and do. Phonics is a six phase learning programme that is incorporated within nurseries and primary schools. It enables children to blend phonemes for reading and segmenting for spellings. Phase one is aimed at the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) as it falls within the communication, language and literacy section. This phase recognises the importance of developing speaking and listening skills. This enables children to start a systematic programme then they are more likely to succeed. Within nurseries and primary school they carry out jolly phonics. Jolly phonics enables the children to learn the sounds of letters, this can be incorporated within a song to represent each letter of the alphabet for example for a you say; A A A Ants up my arm, you would say this doing a pinching movement up one of your arms. Within jolly phonics there are five skills that are taught, these include; learning the letter sounds this is when children are taught the 42 main letter sounds. This includes alphabet sounds as well as digraphs such as sh, th, ai and ue. Learning letter formation this is when children are able to use different multi-sensory methods, they learn how to form and write the letters. Blending is when children are taught how to blend the sounds together to read and write new words. Identifying the sounds in words (Segmenting) is when the children are able to listen for the sounds in words gives children the best start for improving spelling. And then there is tricky words, Tricky words have irregular spellings and children learn these separately away from the other words. Jolly phonics helps to support children by learning within a fun environment. http://jollylearning. co. uk/overview-about-jolly-phonics/ Phase 2 is the beginning of the systematic programme. These phonics are best being taught in short, discrete daily sessions. Stage 2 starts with an approach to start learning some letter formations e. g. ‘S’ ‘A’ ‘T’ ‘P’ ‘I’ ‘N’. Within settings this could be incorporated by burring letters in sand of bubbles for the children to find and tell you what sound that letter makes and then put it back in for other children to find. The systematic programs are not designed to control the teachers but to control the presentation of information in order to help children manage and master the complexities of our language. The purpose of a systematic program is to help the child learn. ’ http://www. righttrackreading. com/dsphonics. html Phase three completes the teaching of th e alphabet and helps children to move on to sounds that consist of more than one letter e. g. ‘he’ ‘the’. Phase four enables children to learn to read and spell words containing adjacent consonants, e. . ‘the’ ‘black’ within the word black, ‘bl’ are adjacent consonants because they are two different consonants containing different sounds whereas ‘ck’ at the end of the word black aren’t adjacent consonants because both letters contain the same sound. Some children may pick up phonics really well and may need this stage earlier than other, in which case they should not be held back. Phase five extends graphemes and phonemes. Graphemes are the names of all the individual letters in the alphabet, phonemes are the sounds the letters make. It shows children that words may sound the same but are spelt differently with different meaning e. g. meet and meat. Phase six should enable children to read automatically usually spellings lag behind reading, so children may still find it difficult to read. Spelling needs children to recall the word from memory and recompose it without being able to see it. Children who are in secondary school aged between 11-16 carry out spelling activities. During nursery and primary school they learnt the basic phonics to help them read, write and spell. Spelling help to further develop each child and young person’s skills. For example within my setting I was working with the nurture group and they received ten spellings every week. Most of the children within the nurture group had SLCN. The children with SLCN always struggled with their spellings, so therefore I provided my support to whoever wanted it. All the spellings they received every week had the same sound in common, e. g. heat, meat, cheat, great. All of these words have ‘eat’ in common. Within my support I explain to the children that the words may sound differently but the spellings they always received had sounds in common so therefore pointing this out they was able to think of the starting of the word and knew each work has the same sound in and was then able to achieve more marks out of ten on their spellings. This helped to boost their confidence and self-esteem because they knew they could do it. Young people that attend college and university aged between 16-25 may carry out key skills/functional skills. Once you leave school and set out to go to college, there are some skills that young people are going to be better knowing and understanding than not having those skills. Once young people have learnt them, then their day-to-day life will be a lot easier. Whatever children and young people do their going to have to know how to communicate and work with numbers, because literacy and numeracy are a very important when wanting a job as they are a must. Children and young people are going to need to know the basics when it comes to ICT. When young people are ready to apply for jobs or college courses, they can’t just state what they are good and aren’t good at, they will need to prove it. They can do this by completing a set of courses that assess how well they do at the skills they need to get their dream job. These set of course are called Key Skills. These courses include; communication, application of number, information and communication technology (ICT), problem solvi ng, improving own learning and performance, and working with others. These skills will help children and young people to further develop their skills. If young people have SLCN then they may receive support to complete these skills to enable them to go on to college or to get a job. | Adults can help to extend the speech, language and communication development by simply involving them in conversations using a child language instead of an adult language. This enables the children to understand you more when you ask them questions. For example if you asked ‘How are you feeling today? they may not fully understand as it is a complex question whereas if you asked ‘Are you okay? ’ this is a simpler question and will be easier for them to understand. If you interact children with SLCN they are more likely to improve their vocabulary and social communication because they are involved within an activity and may start to communicate with other children without really noticing. Adults could also work with parents/carers by communicating with them and possibly sending SLCN activities home with the child or young person to complete at home with their parent/carer. This enables the parent/carer to see where their child is at within their development and also enables them to help their child further develop their skills. Phonics, spellings and key skills all have positive effects on a child and young person’s life. Phonics enables children to understand the names and sounds of letters and help them learn to read, write and spell. Learning phonics enables them to progress through primary school to secondary school. Being able to read and write enables the children and young people to complete their work and their SAT’s. Completing spellings enables children and young people to develop their writing skills and their vocabulary as they may know how to spell a word without maybe knowing that it is a word. Key skills effects young people’s lives because it teaches them six different skills to help them apply for college courses and gain a further education to get a job that they want. Doing all of these things is improving their speech, language and communication needs and also their vocabulary. 3. 3 – Apply research evidence to planning an environment that supports speech, language and communication Within my work setting I worked closely with children with additional needs. Within my work setting we always got told that if a child I was there to support was getting too frustrated within lessons to remove them from that lesson and take them to a calmer and quieter environment and work 1:1 with that child. For example child T has SLCN and he doesn’t like noise and gets frustrated and distracted very easily so my setting enables him to receive brain breaks which enables him to leave the classroom with his TA and have a little walk and a drink to calm him down until he feels ready to return to the classroom. If he feels he can’t go back to the classroom because of the atmosphere then it is down to the TA to return to the classroom and collect the work he needs to complete and liaise with the class teacher to inform them how child T is feeling and wanting to complete his work in a quieter environment as he feels he will work better and will be able to complete his work to a better standard. When a child is removed to a quieter environment the work is broken down into small steps for them to complete one after another. This enables the child or young person to understand the work and remain on task as they won’t get frustrated because they don’t understand it. Providing these sessions with child T enables him to enjoy coming to school as he knows if he starts to struggle then staff can make it easier for him. This also enables him to achieve his set targets within his lessons as we are providing support for him to complete his work.

Japanese Business Etiquette Essay -- Japan Traditions Culture Business

Japanese Business Etiquette Content: I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the country ¡Ã‚ ¦s political tradition? b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is there a dictatorship or other form of the government which means that the government will be closely involved in your efforts? c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is there a history of colonization or occupation by another state? d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Are there any tensions with neighbors? e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is the country secular or not? f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religion? III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concepts for doing business a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does this culture see time? b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does this culture gather information? c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does this culture fit into the other models presented in class? d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the important values in this culture; is there understanding of these values the same as yours? e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How do hierarchies and negotiation styles fit in? f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is bribery an issue? IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social Situation a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Are there any particular manners or etiquette tips that are very important? b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is there a place for humor, small talk, etc.? c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Are there particularities about food and drink? d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Are there particularities about dress, body contact? V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion VI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concepts for doing business c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social situations I. Introduction Our German company is planning a joint venture in Japan. For the reason that this is the first international venture of the company in its thirty year reason, we will send you, a delegation of men and women from our company, for a week-long trip to Japan for a first meeting with our counterparts. There are several factors which we tried to cover while for you in order to make your stay as successful as possible: „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  history „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  what factors might pose problems for Germans „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how Germans can avoid offending the locals „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how Germans can avoid culture shock „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  critical points to remember for the initial meetings We tried to collect all these information in order to smooth your way in the Japanese business world. We hope that this report will help you to find the way through the new culture you will soon have to handle. II. History a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the country ¡Ã‚ ¦s political tradition? Japan is academically considered a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral parliament, the Kokkai or Diet. A constitutional monarchy is a form of government which represents a compromise between tho... ...r for the initial meetings Hopefully, we could contribute to your upcoming business relationship and could help you answering all your questions and help to take away your anxiety. Even though we know that Japanese culture totally differs from our German culture, we have faith in you. We think that you will smooth our way for upcoming transactions and relationships. V. References a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.japan-guide.html „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.fact-index.com „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.mapzones.com „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.dal.ca „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Foreign-relations-of-Japan „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/History-of-Japan „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.japan-tipp.de „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.oldbookroom.com b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concepts for doing business „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.venturejapan.com/japan-business-culture-meeting.htm „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/rieti_report/012.html, „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.kellogg.northwestern.edu c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social situations „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.geocities.com/japanfaq/FAQ-Manners.html „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://gojapan.about.com/cs/etiquetteinjapan/a/bowing.htm „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cyborlink.com/besite/japan.htm „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.escapeartist.com/efam27/japan.html „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.japan-guide.com

Prewriting: Attitudes Toward Women Essay

1. INTRODUCTION a. Thesis Statement: With different motivations, but similar intentions the word choices and poetic rhetorical devices of the speakers reveal their attitudes toward women. Using persuasive techniques and extensive figurative language to compare and contrast Browning’s, â€Å"My Last Duchess,† and Marvell’s, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† it becomes clear that the main goal of the characters in these poems is their need to be the dominant force over the opposite sex. 2. Attitudes Towards Women Demonstrated in Poetry a. Illustrate how the speakers in each of the poems are trying to persuade women i. In the Duke’s case, it’s the envoy and in the speaker’s case, the woman. b. Both the characters aims are the same, but their motivations are different i. The speaker in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† seems like a respectful man, who is articulate, this is important because it is his main strength which he uses to lure her to him. ii. The use of time to symbolize sex=self (To His Coy Mistress) †¢ The speaker of the poem is infatuated with a woman who won’t give him the time of day. The speaker chases the woman and he proposes that time is flying by and they should grab it and run as fast as they can. â€Å"Had we but world enough and time, /this coyness, lady, were no crime.† iii. The Duke in â€Å"My Last Duchess† is an arrogant, disrespectful man, who cares more about status and wealth then love. 3. Women are presented as objects of beauty and pleasur e a. Describe the tone and figurative language—imagery, simile, hyperbole, etc.—used to present woman as objects rather than their importance as human beings i. Elaborate on men only appreciating women for their physical appearance and ability to please their partner †¢ In ‘To His coy Mistress’, the woman is portrayed as beautiful, â€Å"The youthful hue sits on the skin like morning dew.† Here, the speaker praises the fair complexion of the woman through the use of simile. †¢ Similarly, in ‘My Last Duchess’, the Duke makes comments regarding his ex-duchess being captivating and alluring. â€Å"That’s my last duchess painted on the wall, looking as if she were alive. I call that a piece a wonder†. Here the Duke tries to impress the envoy with his ex-Duchess’s beauty as he stops to admire the painting of her. 4. The value of love versus total disregard for the role of women in society a. Compare and contrast the reasons each poem portrays both of these ideas b. To His Coy Mistress=values woman and the love they give i. Based on the speakers urge, or motives, for a sexual relationship with the lady ii. Describe the speakers polite techniques to praise and persuade, and how they develop into impatience and desperateness c. My Last Duchess=humiliates the role of women in society i. Show how women are viewed/treated as inferior and easily manipulated ii. Confirm the fact that because the Duchess did not depend on the Duke completely, she terrorized him. iii. Analyze the death— the speaker refers to the portrait of the wife he murdered as â€Å"My last duchess.† It hints that she was not his only duchess and that he might have had several wives before this â€Å"last† or â€Å"latest† one. 5. Mans obsession with domination over woman (need for submissiveness) a. The men in both poems want to feel like they are ranked higher than the women. They want to feel powerful and be controlling, aiming only to please and seek pleasure for themselves. 6. Mans insecurity in the absence of women dependence a. Answer the question: are men weakened by their dependency on the power they have over women? i. In To His Coy Mistress, although the speaker appears thoughtful and genuine, he is preoccupied with pursing an attractive and captivating young woman in all hopes of making love with her. No strings attached. ii. In My Last Duchess, When the Duke had the Duchess killed; it was a threat to all women. The Duke had the Duchess murdered because she did not worship her husband.

Scm at Cathay Pacific

â€Å"AVIATION SPARE PART SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OPTIMISATION AT CATHAY PASIFIC AIRWAYS LIMITED† CASE STUDY GLOBAL LOGISTIC COURSE ASSIGNMENT Prof. Hiroshi Hoshino Umurbek Osorkhan 2EC12056R QBS 10th 5 November 2012 1 Company Overview Cathay Pacific Airways is an airline company founded on September 24th, 1946 by Roy Farrell and Sydney de Kantzow. Starting with a very limited schedule service, the company grew larger through multiple product innovations, technological investments such as the computerized reservation system and successful acquisitions.In 1986, Cathay Pacific went public and further expanded in Europe, North America, and China. The company employed over 25000 people worldwide, serviced over 43 destinations throughout Asia, Europe and North America, and carried more than 16. 7 million passengers in 2006. 1. Why is good supply chain management of spare parts so critical for an airline? Supply chain management has become one of the crucial competitive advantage in today`s organizations. Finding opportunities in supply chain can make companies unique and different from competition.Today more and more companies are trying to manage their supply chain in an effective and efficient manner in order to provide better services at lower cost. Unlike other industries, the aviation industry known as highly regulated1 industry and the aviation spare parts 2 are very complex3, large amounts of money are invested in spare parts inventory and this has increased over the years. Because of these large amounts of money involved, there is great interest in cost savings, and even savings of a few percents only constitute large cost savings in absolute terms.This case study shows us how Cathay Pacific Airways successfully manage their supply chain in an optimal manner, despite some circumstances. According to the case study there were several points that good supply chain management of spare parts so critical for commercial airline operators. We can briefly des cribe them as stringent industry regulations, turnaround time and lead time, large number and expensive parts. Firstly, managing supply chain in aviation industry was so complex and challenging for all operators, andCathay Pacific is no exception as reflected in the huge inventory carrying costs of US$350 million as of December 2005. In addition, dead and inactive stock made up 20% of Cathay Pacific’s annual supply chain expenses of US$250 million. Moreover, substantial resources are consumed with over 100 personnel in the inventory management department overseeing over 230,000 line items of aviation spare parts and over 600 supplier relationships. As I mentioned earlier aviation spare parts themselves were very complex and expensive.For instance in a single airplane there are over 1 million parts and components and the average cost of engine was $12 million. Another critical issue for the supply chain management in aviation industry was the tight regulation of the aviation i ndustry, which is regulated by international and local authorities such as the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the Civil Aviation Department of the Government of the Hong Kong (CAD). Airlines operators have to comply with different statutory regulations.For instance, they have to complete the deferrable repairs within the stipulated timeframe, suppliers of aeroplane spare parts are required to possess special legal certifications and formal protocols, as well as issues of reliability and safety. 1 Because of safety issues the Aviation industry was regulated by international and local authorities such as FAA, EASA or some local regulatory bodies. 2 Spare parts are defined as components, assemblies, and equipment that are completely interchangeable with like items installed or in use, which are used, or can be used, to replace items removed during maintenance and overhaul. Joseph D. Patton, 1984) 3 There were over 1,000,000 part s in a single airplane. 2 Initially safety issues are crucial for all operators and supplier. It`s true that strict rules and tight regulations are necessary-they protect consumers, customer safety, environment and other things. However sometimes it causes some burdens on businesses. It always increases the cost of operations. Also turnaround time for repairs was highly critical and cost for flight delay was extremely huge. Customers might be upset or even shift to other airlines if delays caused them lose the connecting flights.Thus, the cost of aircraft delays was crucial element in engineering. Bargaining power of supplier, difficulty to forecast demand and harsh competitions were other important issues in aviation industry. As a result of tight aviation regulations airline companies, as a customer, were constrained in supplier selection. Spare parts solely supplied by only single dominated supplier as called OEM (original equipment supplier). The limited choice and high concentr ation of OEM`s limited airline operators` negotiation power.According to the M. Porter`s five force analysis aviation industry has low entrance barrier and it cause very intensive competition between airlines operators. A few decades ago flying with airline was very expensive for ordinary people but today everyone can benefit from this because airline ticket prices have constantly and significantly fallen. Finally, demand forecasting was very difficult. The forecast for spare parts is made based on maintenance information, scheduled maintenance plans and past usage patterns.Even so, the usage pattern of spare parts remained highly unpredictable because of the irregular behavior and the high level of demand variability of airplane spare parts for aircraft maintenance repair parts, which make the demand forecasting very challenging and tough to deal with. 2. Explain the financial impact of having higher inventory level of spare parts. It`s obvious successful supply chain management is focuses in an inventory and inventory control management.A common perception and experience is that supply chain management leads to cost savings, largely through minimizing inventory holding costs. As I mentioned before certain risks (delaying aircraft can lead huge cost) airline operators was needed to hold certain level of spare parts that could satisfy all possible demand of its aircraft. However, this was both financially and operationally impossible. Thus, managing balance between most effective inventory levels to hold onto relative to the responding service level is very important.According to the case study spare parts constituted a significant expense (total inventory value was $350 million in BS) in Cathay Pacific`s financial statement. Followings are several financial drawbacks of having higher inventory level of spare parts. ? It could increase the carrying inventory cost. High inventory increases the warehousing cost (facility, handling, etc. ), the investment cost (b orrowing and opportunity, etc. ) and holding cost (insurance, tax, obsolescence, etc. ) directly linked to the increase of inventory. It could also increase the labor cost.High inventory level conducts to inventory discrepancies, so lots of counting and recounting, tracking and tracing costs associated. It had negative impact on cash flow. More buy spare parts, components and assembles or any goods mean more consume cash only holding inventory. Moreover, holding high inventory levels always hide process inefficacies where inventory is made to cover malfunctions such as breakdowns, quality issue, long die exchange time even risks of mistakes. ? ? ? 3 3. How do you evaluate Cathay Pacific's logistics management?I was very impressed and fascinated with Cathay Pacific’s logistics management. Despite of existing challenges such as heavy regulations, dependence on OEM`s, large numbers and complexity of spare parts and supplier relations and so on Cathay Pacific was successfully man age their supply chain and made themselves different other airlines. As a result she has become a leading airline company in the world. Cathay Pacific handles all procurement and inventory management in-house whilst third party logistics service providers are employed for repair and logistics management.Through following successful procurement, inventory management, repair management, and logistics management Cathay Pacific could optimize their supply chain management of spare parts operation. ? Despite large scale of operations with thousands of suppliers and distributors cross functional teams at Cathay Pacific helped in gaining leverage on purchasing by applying a systematic process of reducing the cost of spare parts purchased from different vendors. The procurement process gave an edge to Cathay Pacific in monitoring, evaluating and managing relationships with suppliers to ensure operational effectiveness.With its implementation, the airline was able to leverage purchasing powe r across different divisions and negotiate favorable prices with the suppliers. Strategic sourcing also focused to consolidate the supplier’s database and chose the preferred ones. Through the finding following options Cathay Pacific successfully was handled the shortage. – Express Shipping: This situation happens when aircraft is grounded and could not take off due to the nonavailability of certain part. The system at Cathay Pacific generates an urgent AOG (Aircraft on Ground) order request and the parts are expressed shipped for same day delivery.The express shipping situation clearly shows the shortcomings of current purchasing practices and inventory management of Cathay Pacific. – Borrowing: The other method Cathay Pacific uses is of borrowing form other Airlines. Borrowing seems to be a good idea however Cathay Pacific cannot depend on this method as it cannot ensure the availability of parts as the parts required might not be available with other airline. Also borrowing might even be not possible as different airlines uses different aircraft models. Again it will be costly option for Cathay Pacific because other airline might charge a premium. Airline Technical Pool: The third option Cathay Pacific has for meeting shortage is by pool loan, Cathay Pacific has signed a contract with International technical pool which maintain network of 100 Airlines. With this use of this network Cathay Pacific can share spare parts when in need without a surcharge. Collaborating through this network is a good option for Cathay Pacific, however still it cannot ensure the availability of required parts. Cathay Pacific cannot rely completely on this option. Also it might me time consuming and costly to ship the part form different regions.Being part of this network Cathay Pacific also need to share their inventory with other Airlines which could create instability in their own system. – Internal Borrowing: The final option Cathay Pacific has is o f internal procurement, whenever a part is needed Cathay Pacific can borrow it form their Aircraft. This solution might make the part available in short term but it does not necessary solve the actual problem as they will still be requiring the part in future. Similar to the other options Cathay Pacific cannot rely on this option because it does not ensure the part availability when needed.In addition improving and introducing Ultramain information system, which enables Cathay Pacific`s technical log process and support the maintenance management afterwards was clearly helped to optimize their supply chain management of spare parts. Another successful supply chain optimization at Cathay Pacific was implementation of Aerochange system Development of a collaborated supply chain system to expand the sharing and exchange of information (Spare parts availability and suppliers list) with different airlines gave an advantage to Cathay Pacific to select a supplier from the huge database.Aft er its launch in 2000, technological advancement in Aeroxhange made this system capable of doing numerous tasks which helped the airlines to be more effective in their procurement. ? ? ? 4 ? E. g. : In 2001, Aeroxchange launched its e-procurement platform to integrate the partners for quote management and also it incorporated the service order management in 2005. Finally, Cathay Pacific was successfully outsourced to third-party logistics (3PL) companies to transport their parts to various repair houses across the globe.This outsourcing approach allowed Cathay Pacific to save costs and hence reduce financial risks. Assets required establish distribution centers and networks normally need a huge amount of money that encompasses financial risks and hence by outsourcing, this risk can be spread to 3PL partners. Also the perform of repair and logistics management activities Cathay Pacific pays millions of dollars. However outsourcing these activities will result in saving the capital wh ich can be spent on further expansion of the airline. . Any suggestion for the company to reduce the inventory cost while maintaining safe operation of aircrafts? Although Cathay pacific invested a lot of time and money to improve their procurement, there are still many rooms for the advancement in their processes. The history of Cathay pacific says that they have always tried to lock the deals with the airlines and individual suppliers to enhance their procurement process.On the other hand, one point that should have been taken into account was establishing strategic alliances with the suppliers or manufacturers (Boeing and Airbus) for the procurement activities. (According to the case study Cathay Pacific ) An alliance where manufacturers should focus on the materials management and help Cathay pacific to focus on core business activities. The integrated alliance with Boeing and airbus services will help to achieve greater transparency and efficiency in the resource operations.The se services are acquired by most of the big players in the market like Delta airlines and Singapore airlines where they succeeded in generating good revenues by focusing on their core activities. The other alternative for improvement is to reward the suppliers to suggest the cost saving ideas. This will help the airline to develop a sense of competition among suppliers for developing a sustainable and cost effective model for procurement which will eventually result in increasing the productivity of the fleet.Despite the Cathay Pacific`s efforts to manage their spare parts inventory in an optimal manner, they still encountered several circumstances. Dealing with spare part shortage they have offered express shipping. Definitely express shipping is a very costly option for Cathay Pacific and should be avoided by keeping the AOG parts in inventory. Finally outsourcing whole engineering division can be another suggestion to improve inventory cost. By this it could save enormous costs a nd risks. 5

One Word Changed Over Time NIgger essays

One Word Changed Over Time NIgger essays My niggas. Some niggas that you dont wanna try. My niggas. Some niggas thats really do or die. My niggas. Aint no longer living a lie. My niggas is stong. My niggas is real. Does this artist use the word nigger in the same way that racists have and still are? The answer to this question is a simple one- no. Todays urban society have changed, not only the definition, but also the spelling of this word, which was once used to belittle those of African-American decent. Now, the definition as proved through todays urban youth holds many denotations- positive and negative. But has the definition really changed? Or are todays urban society just being ignorant and socially blinded by the hardships of our ancestors as they continue to use a word that held such great racial tension when used in the 1800s? Two answers for this one- yes and no. Yes the definition has changed, but not totally to where its precedent has been forgotten. In fact, urban youth are so socially powerful that they can take a word and totally flip it and use it within themselves but when one of another race uses it, they return it back to the old definition and the racial remarks comme nce. The definitions of the word nigger are as follows: 2. loosely or incorrectly applied to members of dark-skinned race 3. a vulgar offensive term of hostility and contempt as used by Negrophobes 1. Latin niger becomes Spanish and Portugese Negro used in France for black man especially in Africa adapted by the English 2. latin niger, for black, occurs in such river names as the Rio Negro in South America and the Niger f Central West Africa. When used by a white person to describe a black or African American person, this can be the most hateful hurtful, offensive term in the language today. This word in American speech dates back to the late 16th century, although the modern spelling doesn...

How a Tree Grows - A Brief Overview

How a Tree Grows - A Brief Overview Little of a trees volume is actually living tissue. Just 1% of a tree is actually alive and composed of living cells. The major living portion of a growing tree is a thin film of cells just under the bark (called the cambium) and can be only one to several cells thick. Other living cells are in root tips, the apical meristem, leaves, and buds. The overwhelming portion of all trees is made up of non-living tissue created by a cambial hardening into non-living wood cells on the inner cambial layer. Sandwiched between the outer cambial layer and the bark is an ongoing process of creating sieve tubes which transport food from leaves to roots. So, all wood is formed by the inner cambium and all food-conveying cells are formed by the outer cambium. Apical Growth Tree height and branch lengthening begin with a bud. Tree height growth is caused by the apical meristem whose cells divide and elongate at the base of the bud to create upward growth in trees with a dominant crown tip. There can be more than one developing crown if a trees top is damaged. Certain conifers cannot produce these growth cells and height growth stops at the crown tip. Tree branch growth works in a similar way using buds at the apex of each twig. These twigs become the future branches of trees. Transfer of genetic material in the process will cause these buds to grow at determined rates, creating a tree species height and form. Tree trunk growth is coordinated with the increase of tree height and width. When buds begin opening in the early Spring, cells in the trunk and limbs get the signal to increase in girth by dividing and in height by elongating. Root Cap Growth Early root growth is a function of meristematic root tissue located near the tip of the root. The specialized meristem cells divide, producing more meristem called root cap cells which protect the meristem and undifferentiated root cells while pushing through the soil. The undifferentiated cells become the primary tissues of the developing root during elongation and the process that pushes the root tip forward in the growing medium. Gradually these cells differentiate and mature into specialized cells of the root tissues.